Does your provider accept Medicare as full payment?

You can get the lowest cost if your doctor or other health care provider accepts the Medicare-approved amount  as full payment for a covered service. This is called “accepting assignment.” If a provider accepts assignment, it’s for all Medicare-covered Part A and Part B services.

Using a provider that accepts assignment

Most doctors, providers, and suppliers accept assignment, but always check to make sure that yours do.

If your doctor, provider, or supplier accepts assignment:

  • Your out-of-pocket costs may be less.
  • They agree to charge you only the Medicare deductible and coinsurance amount, and usually wait for Medicare to pay its share before asking you to pay your share.
  • They have to submit your claim directly to Medicare and can't charge you for submitting the claim.

How does assignment impact my drug coverage?

Using a provider that doesn't accept Medicare as full payment

Some providers who don’t accept assignment still choose to accept the Medicare-approved amount for services on a case-by-case basis. These providers are called "non-participating."

If your doctor, provider, or supplier doesn't accept assignment:

  • You might have to pay the full amount at the time of service.
  • They should submit a claim to Medicare for any Medicare-covered services they give you, and they can’t charge you for submitting a claim. If they refuse to submit a Medicare claim, you can submit your own claim to Medicare. Get the Medicare claim form .
  • They can charge up to 15% over the Medicare-approved amount for a service, but no more than that. This is called "the limiting charge."  

Does the limiting charge apply to all Medicare-covered services?

Using a provider that "opts-out" of Medicare

  • Doctors and other providers who don’t want to work with the Medicare program may "opt out" of Medicare.
  • Medicare won’t pay for items or services you get from provider that opts out, except in emergencies.
  • Providers opt out for a minimum of 2 years. Every 2 years, the provider can choose to keep their opt-out status, accept Medicare-approved amounts on a case-by-case basis ("non-participating"), or accept assignment.

Find providers that opted out of Medicare.

Private contracts with doctors or providers who opt out

  • If you choose to get services from an opt-out doctor or provider you may need to pay upfront, or set up a payment plan with the provider through a private contract.
  • Medicare won’t pay for any service you get from this doctor, even if it’s a Medicare-covered service.

What are the rules for private contracts?

You may want to contact your  State Health Insurance Assistance Program (SHIP) for help before signing a private contract with any doctor or other health care provider.

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Medicare Assignment: Everything You Need to Know

Medicare assignment.

  • Providers Accepting Assignment
  • Providers Who Do Not
  • Billing Options
  • Assignment of Benefits
  • How to Choose

Frequently Asked Questions

Medicare assignment is an agreement between Medicare and medical providers (doctors, hospitals, medical equipment suppliers, etc.) in which the provider agrees to accept Medicare’s fee schedule as payment in full when Medicare patients are treated.

This article will explain how Medicare assignment works, and what you need to know in order to ensure that you won’t receive unexpected bills.

fizkes / Getty Images

There are 35 million Americans who have Original Medicare. Medicare is a federal program and most medical providers throughout the country accept assignment with Medicare. As a result, these enrollees have a lot more options for medical providers than most of the rest of the population.

They can see any provider who accepts assignment, anywhere in the country. They can be assured that they will only have to pay their expected Medicare cost-sharing (deductible and coinsurance, some or all of which may be paid by a Medigap plan , Medicaid, or supplemental coverage provided by an employer or former employer).

It’s important to note here that the rules are different for the 29 million Americans who have Medicare Advantage plans. These beneficiaries cannot simply use any medical provider who accepts Medicare assignment.

Instead, each Medicare Advantage plan has its own network of providers —much like the health insurance plans that many Americans are accustomed to obtaining from employers or purchasing in the exchange/marketplace .

A provider who accepts assignment with Medicare may or may not be in-network with some or all of the Medicare Advantage plans that offer coverage in a given area. Some Medicare Advantage plans— health maintenance organizations (HMOs) , in particular—will only cover an enrollee’s claims if they use providers who are in the plan's network.

Other Medicare Advantage plans— preferred provider organizations (PPOs) , in particular—will cover out-of-network care but the enrollee will pay more than they would have paid had they seen an in-network provider.

Original Medicare

The bottom line is that Medicare assignment only determines provider accessibility and costs for people who have Original Medicare. People with Medicare Advantage need to understand their own plan’s provider network and coverage rules.

When discussing Medicare assignment and access to providers in this article, keep in mind that it is referring to people who have Original Medicare.

How to Make Sure Your Provider Accepts Assignment

Most doctors, hospitals, and other medical providers in the United States do accept Medicare assignment.

Provider Participation Stats

According to the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, 98% of providers participate in Medicare, which means they accept assignment.

You can ask the provider directly about their participation with Medicare. But Medicare also has a tool that you can use to find participating doctors, hospitals, home health care services, and other providers.

There’s a filter on that tool labeled “Medicare-approved payment.” If you turn on that filter, you will only see providers who accept Medicare assignment. Under each provider’s information, it will say “Charges the Medicare-approved amount (so you pay less out-of-pocket).”

What If Your Provider Doesn’t Accept Assignment?

If your medical provider or equipment supplier doesn’t accept assignment, it means they haven’t agreed to accept Medicare’s approved amounts as payment in full for all of the services.

These providers can still choose to accept assignment on a case-by-case basis. But because they haven’t agreed to accept Medicare assignment for all services, they are considered nonparticipating providers.

Note that "nonparticipating" does not mean that a provider has opted out of Medicare altogether. Medicare will still pay claims for services received from a nonparticipating provider (i.e., one who does not accept Medicare assignment), whereas Medicare does not cover any of the cost of services obtained from a provider who has officially opted out of Medicare.

If a Medicare beneficiary uses a provider who has opted out of Medicare, that person will pay the provider directly and Medicare will not be involved in any way.

Physicians Who Have Opted Out

Only about 1% of all non-pediatric physicians have opted out of Medicare.

For providers who have not opted out of Medicare but who also don’t accept assignment, Medicare will still pay nearly as much as it would have paid if you had used a provider who accepts assignment. Here’s how it works:

  • Medicare will pay the provider 95% of the amount they would pay if the provider accepted assignment.
  • The provider can charge the person receiving care more than the Medicare-approved amount, but only up to 15% more (some states limit this further). This extra amount, which the patient has to pay out-of-pocket, is known as the limiting charge . But the 15% cap does not apply to medical equipment suppliers; if they do not accept assignment with Medicare, there is no limit on how much they can charge the person receiving care. This is why it’s particularly important to make sure that the supplier accepts Medicare assignment if you need medical equipment.
  • The nonparticipating provider may require the person receiving care to pay the entire bill up front and seek reimbursement from Medicare (using Form CMS 1490-S ). Alternatively, they may submit a claim to Medicare on behalf of the person receiving care (using Form CMS-1500 ).
  • A nonparticipating provider can choose to accept assignment on a case-by-case basis. They can indicate this on Form CMS-1500 in box 27. The vast majority of nonparticipating providers who bill Medicare choose to accept assignment for the claim being billed.
  • Nonparticipating providers do not have to bill your Medigap plan on your behalf.

Billing Options for Providers Who Accept Medicare

When a medical provider accepts assignment with Medicare, part of the agreement is that they will submit bills to Medicare on behalf of the person receiving care. So if you only see providers who accept assignment, you will never need to submit your own bills to Medicare for reimbursement.

If you have a Medigap plan that supplements your Original Medicare coverage, you should present the Medigap coverage information to the provider at the time of service. Medicare will forward the claim information to your Medigap insurer, reducing administrative work on your part.

Depending on the Medigap plan you have, the services that you receive, and the amount you’ve already spent in out-of-pocket costs, the Medigap plan may pay some or all of the out-of-pocket costs that you would otherwise have after Medicare pays its share.

(Note that if you have a type of Medigap plan called Medicare SELECT, you will have to stay within the plan’s network of providers in order to receive benefits. But this is not the case with other Medigap plans.)

After the claim is processed, you’ll be able to see details in your MyMedicare.gov account . Medicare will also send you a Medicare Summary Notice. This is Medicare’s version of an explanation of benefits (EOB) , which is sent out every three months.

If you have a Medigap plan, it should also send you an EOB or something similar, explaining the claim and whether the policy paid any part of it.

What Is Medicare Assignment of Benefits?

For Medicare beneficiaries, assignment of benefits means that the person receiving care agrees to allow a nonparticipating provider to bill Medicare directly (as opposed to having the person receiving care pay the bill up front and seek reimbursement from Medicare). Assignment of benefits is authorized by the person receiving care in Box 13 of Form CMS-1500 .

If the person receiving care refuses to assign benefits, Medicare can only reimburse the person receiving care instead of paying the nonparticipating provider directly.

Things to Consider Before Choosing a Provider

If you’re enrolled in Original Medicare, you have a wide range of options in terms of the providers you can use—far more than most other Americans. In most cases, your preferred doctor and other medical providers will accept assignment with Medicare, keeping your out-of-pocket costs lower than they would otherwise be, and reducing administrative hassle.

There may be circumstances, however, when the best option is a nonparticipating provider or even a provider who has opted out of Medicare altogether. If you choose one of these options, be sure you discuss the details with the provider before proceeding with the treatment.

You’ll want to understand how much is going to be billed and whether the provider will bill Medicare on your behalf if you agree to assign benefits (note that this is not possible if the provider has opted out of Medicare).

If you have supplemental coverage, you’ll also want to check with that plan to see whether it will still pick up some of the cost and, if so, how much you should expect to pay out of your own pocket.

A medical provider who accepts Medicare assignment is considered a participating provider. These providers have agreed to accept Medicare’s fee schedule as payment in full for services they provide to Medicare beneficiaries. Most doctors, hospitals, and other medical providers do accept Medicare assignment.

Nonparticipating providers are those who have not signed an agreement with Medicare to accept Medicare’s rates as payment in full. However, they can agree to accept assignment on a case-by-case basis, as long as they haven’t opted out of Medicare altogether. If they do not accept assignment, they can bill the patient up to 15% more than the Medicare-approved rate.

Providers who opt out of Medicare cannot bill Medicare and Medicare will not pay them or reimburse beneficiaries for their services. But there is no limit on how much they can bill for their services.

A Word From Verywell

It’s in your best interest to choose a provider who accepts Medicare assignment. This will keep your costs as low as possible, streamline the billing and claims process, and ensure that your Medigap plan picks up its share of the costs.

If you feel like you need help navigating the provider options or seeking care from a provider who doesn’t accept assignment, the Medicare State Health Insurance Assistance Program (SHIP) in your state may be able to help.

A doctor who does not accept Medicare assignment has not agreed to accept Medicare’s fee schedule as payment in full for their services. These doctors are considered nonparticipating with Medicare and can bill Medicare beneficiaries up to 15% more than the Medicare-approved amount.

They also have the option to accept assignment (i.e., accept Medicare’s rate as payment in full) on a case-by-case basis.

There are certain circumstances in which a provider is required by law to accept assignment. This includes situations in which the person receiving care has both Medicare and Medicaid. And it also applies to certain medical services, including lab tests, ambulance services, and drugs that are covered under Medicare Part B (as opposed to Part D).

In 2021, 98% of American physicians had participation agreements with Medicare, leaving only about 2% who did not accept assignment (either as a nonparticipating provider, or a provider who had opted out of Medicare altogether).

Accepting assignment is something that the medical provider does, whereas assignment of benefits is something that the patient (the Medicare beneficiary) does. To accept assignment means that the medical provider has agreed to accept Medicare’s approved fee as payment in full for services they provide.

Assignment of benefits means that the person receiving care agrees to allow a medical provider to bill Medicare directly, as opposed to having the person receiving care pay the provider and then seek reimbursement from Medicare.

Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Medicare monthly enrollment .

Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Annual Medicare participation announcement .

Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Lower costs with assignment .

Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Find providers who have opted out of Medicare .

Kaiser Family Foundation. How many physicians have opted-out of the Medicare program ?

Center for Medicare Advocacy. Durable medical equipment, prosthetics, orthotics, and supplies (DMEPOS) updates .

Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Check the status of a claim .

Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Medicare claims processing manual. Chapter 26 - completing and processing form CMS-1500 data set .

Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Ambulance fee schedule .

Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Prescription drugs (outpatient) .

By Louise Norris Louise Norris has been a licensed health insurance agent since 2003 after graduating magna cum laude from Colorado State with a BS in psychology.

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What is Medicare assignment and how does it work?

Kimberly Lankford,

​Because Medicare decides how much to pay providers for covered services, if the provider agrees to the Medicare-approved amount, even if it is less than they usually charge, they’re accepting assignment.

A doctor who accepts assignment agrees to charge you no more than the amount Medicare has approved for that service. By comparison, a doctor who participates in Medicare but doesn’t accept assignment can potentially charge you up to 15 percent more than the Medicare-approved amount.

That’s why it’s important to ask if a provider accepts assignment before you receive care, even if they accept Medicare patients. If a doctor doesn’t accept assignment, you will pay more for that physician’s services compared with one who does.

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How much do I pay if my doctor accepts assignment?

If your doctor accepts assignment, you will usually pay 20 percent of the Medicare-approved amount for the service, called coinsurance, after you’ve paid the annual deductible. Because Medicare Part B covers doctor and outpatient services, your $240 deductible for Part B in 2024 applies before most coverage begins.

All providers who accept assignment must submit claims directly to Medicare, which pays 80 percent of the approved cost for the service and will bill you the remaining 20 percent. You can get some preventive services and screenings, such as mammograms and colonoscopies , without paying a deductible or coinsurance if the provider accepts assignment. 

What if my doctor doesn’t accept assignment?

A doctor who takes Medicare but doesn’t accept assignment can still treat Medicare patients but won’t always accept the Medicare-approved amount as payment in full.

This means they can charge you up to a maximum of 15 percent more than Medicare pays for the service you receive, called “balance billing.” In this case, you’re responsible for the additional charge, plus the regular 20 percent coinsurance, as your share of the cost.

How to cover the extra cost? If you have a Medicare supplement policy , better known as Medigap, it may cover the extra 15 percent, called Medicare Part B excess charges.

All Medigap policies cover Part B’s 20 percent coinsurance in full or in part. The F and G policies cover the 15 percent excess charges from doctors who don’t accept assignment, but Plan F is no longer available to new enrollees, only those eligible for Medicare before Jan. 1, 2020, even if they haven’t enrolled in Medicare yet. However, anyone who is enrolled in original Medicare can apply for Plan G.

Remember that Medigap policies only cover excess charges for doctors who accept Medicare but don’t accept assignment, and they won’t cover costs for doctors who opt out of Medicare entirely.

Good to know. A few states limit the amount of excess fees a doctor can charge Medicare patients. For example, Massachusetts and Ohio prohibit balance billing, requiring doctors who accept Medicare to take the Medicare-approved amount. New York limits excess charges to 5 percent over the Medicare-approved amount for most services, rather than 15 percent.

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How do I find doctors who accept assignment?

Before you start working with a new doctor, ask whether he or she accepts assignment. About 98 percent of providers billing Medicare are participating providers, which means they accept assignment on all Medicare claims, according to KFF.

You can get help finding doctors and other providers in your area who accept assignment by zip code using Medicare’s Physician Compare tool .

Those who accept assignment have this note under the name: “Charges the Medicare-approved amount (so you pay less out of pocket).” However, not all doctors who accept assignment are accepting new Medicare patients.

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What does it mean if a doctor opts out of Medicare?

Doctors who opt out of Medicare can’t bill Medicare for services you receive. They also aren’t bound by Medicare’s limitations on charges.

In this case, you enter into a private contract with the provider and agree to pay the full bill. Be aware that neither Medicare nor your Medigap plan will reimburse you for these charges.

In 2023, only 1 percent of physicians who aren’t pediatricians opted out of the Medicare program, according to KFF. The percentage is larger for some specialties — 7.7 percent of psychiatrists and 4.2 percent of plastic and reconstructive surgeons have opted out of Medicare.

Keep in mind

These rules apply to original Medicare. Other factors determine costs if you choose to get coverage through a private Medicare Advantage plan . Most Medicare Advantage plans have provider networks, and they may charge more or not cover services from out-of-network providers.

Before choosing a Medicare Advantage plan, find out whether your chosen doctor or provider is covered and identify how much you’ll pay. You can use the Medicare Plan Finder to compare the Medicare Advantage plans and their out-of-pocket costs in your area.

Return to Medicare Q&A main page

Kimberly Lankford is a contributing writer who covers Medicare and personal finance. She wrote about insurance, Medicare, retirement and taxes for more than 20 years at  Kiplinger’s Personal Finance  and has written for  The Washington Post  and  Boston Globe . She received the personal finance Best in Business award from the Society of American Business Editors and Writers and the New York State Society of CPAs’ excellence in financial journalism award for her guide to Medicare.

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Paying a Visit to the Doctor: Current Financial Protections for Medicare Patients When Receiving Physician Services

Cristina Boccuti Published: Nov 30, 2016

  • Issue Brief

Under current law, Medicare has several financial protections in place that are designed to safeguard Medicare beneficiaries—seniors and people with permanent disabilities—from unexpected and confusing charges when they seek care from doctors and other practitioners.  These protections include the participating provider program, limitations on balance billing, and conditions on private contracting.  This issue brief describes these three protections, explains why they were enacted, and examines the implications of modifying them for beneficiaries, providers, and the Medicare program.

Main Findings

  • The participating provider program was enacted in 1984 for two purposes: (1) to assist Medicare patients with identifying and choosing providers who charge Medicare-approved rates; and (2) to encourage providers to accept these rates. Given this program’s strong provider incentives, the number of participating providers grew rapidly across all states and today, the vast majority (96%) of eligible physicians and practitioners are “participating providers”—agreeing to charge Medicare’s standard fees when they see beneficiaries.
  • The Congress instituted limitations on balance billing in 1989, in conjunction with implementation of the Medicare physician fee schedule. This financial protection limits the amount that “non-participating” providers may charge beneficiaries through balance billing—whereby beneficiaries are responsible for the portion of the provider’s charge that exceeds Medicare’s fee-schedule rate. Total out-of-pocket liability from balance billing has declined significantly over the past few decades dropping from $2.5 billion in 1983 ($5.65 billion in 2011 dollars) to $40 million in 2011.
  • In 1997, the Congress codified several conditions for private contracting that apply to physicians and practitioners who “opt out” of Medicare and see beneficiaries only under individual private contracts. These restrictions were instituted to ensure that beneficiaries are aware of the financial ramifications of entering into these private contracts, and to safeguard patients and Medicare from fraud and abuse.  In general, private contracting is relatively rare with only 1 percent of practicing physicians opting out of Medicare.

Background: Current Provider Options for Charging Medicare Patients

Under current law, physicians and practitioners have three options for how they will charge their patients in traditional Medicare.  They may register with Medicare as (1) a participating provider, (2) a non-participating provider, or (3) an opt-out provider who privately contracts with each of his or her Medicare patients for payment (Figure 1).  This issue brief describes these three options and then examines three current provisions in Medicare that provide financial protections for Medicare beneficiaries.

Participating providers:   Physicians and practitioners who register with Medicare as participating providers agree to “accept assignment” for all of their Medicare patients. Accepting assignment entails two conditions: agreeing to accept Medicare’s fee-schedule amount as payment-in-full for a given service and collecting Medicare’s portion directly from Medicare, rather than the patient. Therefore, when Medicare patients see participating providers, they can be certain that these providers will not charge fees higher than Medicare’s published fee-schedule amount and that they will not face higher out-of-pocket liability than the maximum 20-percent coinsurance for most services. The vast majority (96%) of providers who provide Medicare-covered services are participating providers.

Non-participating providers:   Non-participating providers do not agree to accept assignment for all of their Medicare patients; instead they may choose—on a service-by-service basis—to charge Medicare patients higher fees, up to a certain limit. When doing so, their Medicare patients are liable for higher cost sharing to cover the higher charges. This arrangement is called “balance billing” and means that the Medicare patient is financially responsible for the portion of the provider’s charge that is in excess of Medicare’s assigned rate, in addition to standard applicable coinsurance and deductibles for Medicare services.  When non-participating providers do not accept assignment, they may not collect reimbursement from Medicare; rather, they bill the Medicare patient directly, typically up front at the time of service. Non-participating providers must submit claims to Medicare on behalf of their Medicare patients, but Medicare reimburses the patient, rather than the nonparticipating provider, for its portion of the covered charges.  A small share (4%) of providers who provide Medicare-covered services are non-participating providers.

Opt-out providers, privately contracting:   Physicians and practitioners who choose to enter into private contracts with their Medicare patients “opt-out” of the Medicare program entirely. These opt-out providers may charge Medicare patients any fee they choose. Medicare does not provide any reimbursement—either to the provider or the Medicare patient—for services provided by these providers under private contracts. Accordingly, Medicare patients are liable for the entire cost of any services they receive from physicians and practitioners who have opted out of Medicare. Several protections are in place to ensure that patients are clearly aware of their financial liabilities when seeing a provider under a private contract.  An extremely small portion of physicians (less than 1% of physicians in clinical practice) have chosen to “opt-out” of the Medicare program, of whom 42 percent are psychiatrists.

These provider options have direct implications on the charges and out-of-pocket liabilities that beneficiaries face when they receive physician services (Figure 2).  They also play a major role in several financial protections in current law—namely, the physician participation program, limitations on balance billing, and conditions for private contracting—which help beneficiaries understand the financial implications of their provider choices and encourage providers to accept Medicare’s standard fees.

Figure 1: Physician/Practitioner Billing Options in Traditional Medicare

Figure 1: Physician/Practitioner Billing Options in Traditional Medicare

Figure 2: Medicare reimbursement and beneficiary cost-sharing for a $100 fee-schedule service

Figure 2: Medicare reimbursement and beneficiary cost-sharing for a $100 fee-schedule service

Medicare’s Participating Provider Program

Medicare’s participating provider program includes several incentives (both financial and nonfinancial) to encourage physicians and practitioners to “accept assignment” for all of their Medicare patients.  When providers accept assignment, they agree to accept Medicare’s fee-schedule amount as payment-in-full for a given service and are allowed to bill Medicare directly for its portion of the reimbursement.  Physicians and practitioners who agree to accept assignment on all services that they provide to Medicare patients are “participating providers” and are listed in Medicare provider directories.  Beneficiaries who select a participating provider are assured that, after meeting the deductible, their coinsurance liability will not exceed 20 percent of the charge for the services they receive (Figure 2).

Congress established the participating provider program in the 1984 Deficit Reduction Act (DEFRA) to address two main concerns: confusion among beneficiaries about the fees they were being charged when they saw a doctor and escalating rates of balance billing from charges that exceeded Medicare’s established “usual, customary, and reasonable” rates for their area. 1 At that time, aside from Medicaid-eligible beneficiaries, Medicare had no limits on the amount that physicians and practitioners could balance bill for their services. Surveys conducted by the Physician Payment Review Commission (PPRC), a congressional advisory body and predecessor of the Medicare Payment Advisory Commission (MedPAC), revealed that prior to the participating provider program, beneficiaries often did not know from one physician to the next whether they would face extra out-of-pocket charges due to balance billing and how much those amounts might be. 2   By 1984, beneficiaries’ payment for balance billing reached 27 percent of total Medicare Part B out-of-pocket liability and was jeopardizing their access to affordable physician services. 3

The establishment of the participating provider program in Medicare instituted multiple incentives to encourage providers to accept assignment for all their patients and become participating providers.  For example, Medicare payment rates for participating providers are 5 percent higher than the rates paid to non-participating providers.  Also, participating providers may collect Medicare’s reimbursement amount directly from Medicare, in contrast to non-participating providers who may not collect payment from Medicare and typically bill their Medicare patients upfront for their charges.  (Non-participating providers must submit claims to Medicare so that their patients are reimbursed for Medicare’s portion of their charges.) Participating providers also gain the benefit of having electronic access to Medicare beneficiaries’ supplemental insurance status, such as their Medigap coverage. This information makes it considerably easier for providers to file claims to collect beneficiary coinsurance amounts, as well as easing the paperwork burden on patients.  Additionally, Medicare helps beneficiaries in traditional Medicare seek and select participating providers by listing them by name with their contact information on Medicare’s consumer-focused website (www.Medicare.gov).

Given the strong incentives of the participation program, combined with limits on balance billing (discussed in the next section), it is not surprising that the share of physicians and practitioners electing to be participating providers has risen to high levels across the country. Overall, the rate of providers with participation agreements has grown to 96 percent in 2011, up considerably from about 30 percent in 1986, two years after the start of the participating provider program (Figure 3). 4   As a result, across all states, most beneficiaries now encounter predictable expenses for Medicare-covered services, and are never responsible for Medicare’s portion of the fee (Appendix 1).

Figure 3: Strong incentives in Medicare have led to a high rate of “participating providers”

Figure 3: Strong incentives in Medicare have led to a high rate of “participating providers”

Medicare’s Balance Billing Limitations

Despite the incentives to become participating providers, a small share (4%) of physicians and practitioners who are registered with Medicare are non-participating providers. These providers can—on a service-by-service basis—charge patients in traditional Medicare higher fees than Medicare’s fee-schedule amount, up to a specified maximum. When charging higher fees, beneficiaries are responsible for the difference between Medicare’s approved amount and the providers’ total charge—essentially the balance of the bill remaining after accounting for Medicare’s reimbursement. This higher cost-sharing arrangement is called “balance billing” and means that the Medicare patient is financially liable for not only the applicable coinsurance and deductible, but also for any amount in which the provider’s charge exceeds Medicare’s assigned rate. Providers may not balance bill Medicare beneficiaries who also have Medicaid coverage. 5

When non-participating providers balance bill, they bill the beneficiary directly, typically for the full charge of the service—including Medicare’s share, applicable coinsurance and deductible, and any balance billed amount.  Non-participating providers are then required to submit a claim to Medicare, so that Medicare can process the claim and reimburse the patient for Medicare’s share of the charge.  Two Medigap insurance policies, which beneficiaries may purchase to supplement their Medicare coverage, include coverage for balance billing. 6   Balance billing is prohibited for Medicare-covered services in the Medicare Advantage program, except in the case of private fee-for-service plans.

In traditional Medicare, the maximum that non-participating providers may charge for a Medicare-covered service is 115 percent of the discounted fee-schedule amount. (Medicare’s fee-schedule rates for non-participating physicians are reduced by five percent.)  Accordingly, non-participating providers may bill Medicare patients up to 9.25 percent more than participating providers (i.e., 1.15 x 0.95= 109.25).  If the non-participating physician or practitioner balance bills the maximum amount permitted (not including any unmet deductible), total beneficiary liability for Medicare-covered services is about 33 percent of Medicare’s regular fee schedule amount (Figure 2).

Balance billing limitations were implemented in conjunction with the institution of Medicare’s physician fee-schedule in the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1989.  At the time, Medicare’s charge-based methodology for physician services gave rise to rapid spending growth and confusion among beneficiaries about what charges they would face for physician services. 7 Moreover, high cost-sharing liabilities weighed disproportionately on beneficiaries who were sickest and used the most physician services. Despite physician reports that they took patient incomes into account when determining whether to charge higher-than Medicare rates, PPRC research did not find a relationship between beneficiary income and the probability that claims would be assigned. 8

While the Congress constrained growth in provider fees through the implementation of the fee schedule, it also implemented maximum “limiting charges” to establish further certainty and predictability for patients on their expected costs for services. In trying to rein in Medicare fee-schedule payments, the Congress sought to protect beneficiaries from excess charges that providers could otherwise impose in response to restrictions on their fees. 9

The continued desire to protect beneficiary spending during the implementation of the new physician fee schedule gave rise to the question of whether Congress might consider imposing even greater restrictions on balance billing or even mandate assignment (prohibiting balance billing) for all claims. 10 Ultimately, the rationale in Congress for allowing limited balance billing was that it would provide for:  (1) a “safety valve” for physicians who believed that the fee schedule did not adequately reflect the quality of services that they provided; (2) a means to correct any underpricing of resource costs in the fee schedule; and (3) necessary financial protections for beneficiaries, particularly in areas of the country where choice of physicians was limited. 11

As limits on balance billing were implemented and incentives for physicians and practitioners to take assignment took hold, beneficiary liability for balance billing declined dramatically.  CMS data show that in 2011, total balance billing amounted to $40 million, down significantly from $2.5 billion in 1983, (which equals $5.6 billion in 2011 dollars) (Figure 4).  Concurrently, the rate of assigned claims to total covered charges climbed from 51% in 1983 to 99% in 2011.

Figure 4: Balance billing in Medicare has declined significantly; almost all physician services are now paid on assignment

Figure 4: Balance billing in Medicare has declined significantly; almost all physician services are now paid on assignment

Private Contracting Conditions for Providers who Opt Out of Medicare

A very small share of providers (less than 1 percent of physicians) have elected to “opt out” of Medicare and contract privately with all of their Medicare patients, individually. 12 Their fees are not bound by Medicare’s physician fee schedule in any way, which means that these providers have no limits on the amounts they may charge beneficiaries for their services.  Medicare does not reimburse either the provider or the patient for any services furnished by opt-out providers.  Therefore, Medicare patients are financially responsible for the full charge of services provided by providers who have formally opted out of Medicare. 13

Serving as beneficiary protections, several important conditions exist for providers who elect to contract privately with Medicare patients. One condition is that prior to providing any service to Medicare patients, physicians and practitioners must inform their Medicare patients that they have opted out of Medicare and provide their Medicare patients with a written document stating that Medicare will not reimburse either the provider or the patient for any services furnished by opt-out providers. Their Medicare patients must sign this document to signify their understanding of it and their right to seek care from a physician or other practitioner who has not opted-out of Medicare.

Providers opt-out by submitting a signed affidavit to Medicare agreeing to applicable terms and affirming that their contracts with patients include all the necessary information.  Physicians or practitioners who opt out of Medicare must privately contract with all of their Medicare patients, not just some.  Once a physician or practitioner opts out of Medicare, this status lasts for a two-year period and is automatically renewed unless the physician or practitioner actively cancels it. 14   Providers may not enter into a private contract with a beneficiary who also has Medicaid benefits or who is experiencing an urgent or emergent health care event. 15

These conditions, which provide protections for both beneficiaries and the Medicare program, were included in the Balanced Budget Act of 1997 as part of the legislation that first codified physicians’ ability to privately contract with Medicare beneficiaries.  Requiring opt-out providers to privately contract for all services they provide to Medicare patients (rather than being able to select by individual patients or services) was intended to prevent confusion among Medicare patients as to whether or not each visit would be covered under Medicare and how much they could expect to pay out-of-pocket.  Similarly, requiring providers to opt out for a minimum period of time—two years—was intended to ensure that beneficiaries had consistent information to make knowledgeable choices when selecting their physicians.  Both of these provisions also addressed Medicare’s duty to guard against fraudulent billing in an administratively feasibly manner.  If, for example, physicians contracted with only some of their patients and/or services, Medicare would have to examine each contract for each submitted claim to discern which claims were eligible for Medicare reimbursement and which were not.

Previous Kaiser Family Foundation analysis shows that psychiatrists are disproportionately represented among the 0.7 percent of physicians (4,863) who have opted out of Medicare—comprising 42 percent of all physicians who have opted out (Figure 5). 16   Another 1,775 clinical professionals with non-physician doctorate degrees (i.e. oral surgeon dentists, podiatrists, and optometrists) also have opted-out of the Medicare program. 17 Dentists who are oral surgeons comprise the majority of this group (95%).  Earlier research that examined opt-out providers through 2002 found similarly low numbers of providers opting out (2,839) as well as relatively higher opt-out rates among psychiatrists compared with other specialties. 18

Some physician organizations attribute physician decisions to opt out of Medicare to frustration with Medicare’s fees and regulations. 19 Others have noted a similar trend in physician refusal to work with any insurers—including commercial insurance plans—especially in prosperous communities. 20 In these cases, providers require patients to pay them directly out-of-pocket, leaving the patient to seek reimbursement, if any, from their insurer.  For providers with patients who have the resources to make the payments, this billing method significantly reduces providers’ paperwork.

Concierge Practice Models

Some physicians are turning to concierge practice models (also called retainer-based care), in which they charge their patients annual membership fees and typically have smaller patient caseloads.  Physicians in a concierge practice model do not necessarily need to opt-out of Medicare to see Medicare patients.  However, if they do not opt-out of Medicare, these physicians are subject to Medicare’s balance billing rules, and therefore, cannot charge beneficiaries additional fees for services that are already covered by Medicare. 21 For example, the annual fee for a concierge practice may not be used for the yearly wellness visit covered by Medicare, but it could be applied to items such as a newsletter and high-end waiting room furniture.  More controversy exists about concierge practices applying annual fees paid by Medicare beneficiaries to enhanced appointment access and extra time with patients. 22

While anecdotal reports suggest a significant migration of primary care physicians to concierge/retainer practices, particularly in areas around Washington D.C and other major east and west coast cities, reliable data on the number of these practices are lacking.  In 2010, a report for MedPAC found listings for 756 concierge physicians, compared with 146 found by Government Accountability Office in 2005. 23   Other news articles have reported larger numbers (4,400 in 2012) according to the American Association of Private Physicians. 24

Implications of Proposals to Modify Incentives and Relax Certain Financial Protections—Pros and Cons

Proposals introduced by Rep. Tom Price, House Speaker Paul Ryan and others have sought to relax private contracting conditions either throughout the Medicare program or as a demonstration project that could be implemented by the Administration.  For example, in 2015, two Bills introduced in the House with a companion Bill in the Senate 25 include provisions to allow physicians and practitioners to engage in private contracting on a beneficiary-by-beneficiary basis, instead of requiring providers to opt-out of Medicare entirely. These Bills would also allow beneficiaries to seek Medicare reimbursement for the portion of the privately contracted fee that equals Medicare’s fee schedule amount, but no out-of-pocket limits would apply to the remaining portion of the provider’s charge.  Similar changes are also proposed as a demonstration in the 2016 House Republican Plan, “A Better Way, our Vision for a Confident America.” 26   An earlier House Bill also included a demonstration to allow non-participating providers to collect Medicare’s portion of their charge directly from Medicare. 27

Pros: Support for Relaxing restrictions and increasing physician autonomy

Proponents of such proposals, including the American Medical Association, support relaxing restrictions on balance billing and private contracting for a number of reasons—perhaps the foremost is that they would allow physicians to charge Medicare beneficiaries higher rates and thereby get relief from fees that they say have failed to keep pace with the rising costs of running their practices. 28   Proponents also assert that this ability could increase the overall number of providers willing to accept Medicare patients. This concern may be an issue in some geographic areas, though surveys and other data sources show that nationally, access to physicians among Medicare seniors is generally comparable to access among people age 55 to 64 with private insurance. 29

Physician groups also state that proposals to relax constraints on balance billing and private contracting would give providers a sense of greater autonomy in how they relate to both their patients and the Medicare program and would allow physicians to charge higher fees to some patients based on their assessment of their patients’ ability to pay. 30   Additionally, beneficiaries would be able to seek at least partial Medicare reimbursement for services they received under private contracts.  Proposals that would allow non-participating providers to collect Medicare’s portion of their charge directly from Medicare would obviate the need to charge patients the full fee upfront. This circumstance could be helpful to those patients who do not want to wait for Medicare’s reimbursement, even if on net, they would incur higher out-of-pocket liability due to balance billing.  Non-participating providers could also experience a more reliable payment from Medicare, compared with the challenges, in some cases, of collecting fees from Medicare patients for unassigned claims.

Cons: Concerns about Eroding Financial Protections

Other analysts have raised concerns about the effects of relaxing private contracting rules and balance billing restrictions. 31   To the extent that such changes lead to increases in the number of non-participating and/or opt-out providers, they could exacerbate problems that lower-income beneficiaries face when seeking care.  Beneficiaries without the ability to pay higher rates (who are also likely to be disproportionately sicker) could find a reduced pool of physicians willing to accept them. Also, for rarer physician specialties and in some geographic areas, such as rural parts of the country, patients may have little choice among physicians.  If the limits on balance billing and private contracting were relaxed, beneficiaries in these situations could face the types of problems that existed prior to the imposition of limits on balance billing—high out-of-pocket costs and greater confusion and uncertainty about possible charges.  Additionally, concerns have been raised about the accuracy and appropriateness of providers determining which Medicare patients in their caseload can afford higher fees, and by how much.

While proposals that allow beneficiaries and non-participating physicians to seek reimbursement from Medicare may, in the short term, reduce out-of-pocket liability for beneficiaries, they could also decrease the incentives for physicians and practitioners to become participating providers.  In the long run, if significantly more providers balance billed their Medicare patients or opted-out of Medicare, this shift could alternatively increase beneficiary out-of-pocket spending.

From the perspective of the Medicare’s program integrity, Medicare would have significant difficulty tracking fraud and abuse if physicians were able to contract selectively for services with some but not all beneficiaries.  Medicare would have to examine every physician-patient contract, on a claim-by-claim basis, to determine which claims could be reimbursed directly to the physician and which would be the full responsibility of the patient.  Additionally, Medicare would need to examine these physicians’ billing practices to ensure that beneficiaries were not being charged inappropriately.

Conclusions

Balance billing limits, with incentives for physicians to accept assignment, have proven effective in limiting beneficiaries’ out-of-pocket liability for physician services. Today, a small share of Medicare beneficiaries experience balance billing just as only small share of provider claims in Medicare are paid unassigned—very different from the years before balance billing limits were instituted.  Moreover, only about 1 percent of physicians provide services to beneficiaries on a private contracting basis.  As the Congress has been considering changes to the way in which Medicare pays for physician service in the context of SGR repeal, some proposals have briefly surfaced to relax constraints on balance billing and private contracting.

On the one hand, these proposals could increase physician autonomy and provider willingness to treat Medicare patients, particularly among those providers who charge higher fees. On the other hand, such proposals could result in higher out-of-pocket liability, particularly in the longer term, which could affect beneficiary access to care.  Additionally, relaxing these protections could foster less predictability in the fees beneficiaries encounter when seeing physicians and practitioners.  Patients most at risk for experiencing a greater financial burden would be those with modest incomes and greater health care needs.  Beneficiaries in geographic areas with limited choices of physicians might also be at higher risk if a growing number of providers choose to balance bill or require private contracts with their Medicare patients.  The key is to strike a balance between assuring that providers receive fair payments from Medicare while also preserving financial protections that help beneficiaries face more predictable and affordable costs when they seek care.

Technical support in preparation of this brief was provided by Health Policy Alternatives, Inc.

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What Is Medicare?

Can doctors refuse medicare.

  • 1. Stay Put and Pay the Difference
  • 2. Request a Discount
  • 3. Visit an Urgent Care Center
  • 4. Ask for a Referral
  • 5. Search Medicare's Directory

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The Bottom Line

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What to Do When Your Doctor Doesn't Take Medicare

Five options if you have Medicare but your doctor doesn't accept it

medicare provider does not accept assignment

Pete Rathburn is a copy editor and fact-checker with expertise in economics and personal finance and over twenty years of experience in the classroom.

medicare provider does not accept assignment

Not all doctors accept Medicare for the patients they see, an increasingly common occurrence. This can leave you with higher out-of-pocket costs than you anticipated and a tough decision if you really like that doctor.

So what happens when you sign up for Medicare only to learn it's a no-go at your favorite doctor? Fortunately, you have some options.

Key Takeaways

  • If you choose a doctor who accepts Medicare, you won't be charged more than the Medicare-approved amount for covered services .
  • A doctor can be a Medicare-enrolled provider, a non-participating provider, or an opt-out provider.
  • Your doctor's Medicare status determines how much Medicare covers and your options for finding lower costs.

Medicare is a federal government–sponsored program that provides health insurance for American citizens ages 65 and over. President Lyndon B. Johnson signed Medicare into law on July 30, 1965. By 1966, 19 million Americans were enrolled in the program.

Now, more than 50 years later, that number has mushroomed to over 60 million—more than 18% of the U.S. population. As more baby boomers reach age 65, enrollment is expected to hit 81 million in 2035. It’s no wonder that Medicare benefit payments totaled an estimated $744 billion in 2022.

Annual open enrollment for Medicare runs from Oct. 15 to Dec. 7 every year.

If your long-time physician accepts assignment, this means they agree to accept Medicare-approved amounts for medical services.

The short answer is "yes." Thanks to the federal program's low reimbursement rates, stringent rules, and grueling paperwork process, many doctors are refusing to accept Medicare's payment for services.

Medicare typically pays doctors only 80% of what private health insurance pays. While a gap always existed, many physicians feel that Medicare reimbursements haven't kept pace with inflation in the past several years, especially the rising costs of running a medical practice. At the same time, the rules and regulations keep getting more onerous, as do penalties for not complying with them. 

Most American physicians participate in Medicare and "accept assignment" (what Medicare pays) for their services without additional charges. However, if your doctor is non-participating or has opted out of Medicare, here are five options.

Investopedia / Jake Shi

1. Stay Put and Pay the Difference

If your doctor is what's called a non-participating provider, it means they haven't signed an agreement to accept assignment for all Medicare-covered services, but can still choose to accept assignment for individual patients. In other words, your doctor may take Medicare patients but disagrees with the program's reimbursement rates. These non-participating providers can charge up to 15% over the official Medicare reimbursement amount.

If you choose to stick with your non-participating doctor, you'll have to pay the difference between the fees and the Medicare reimbursement. Plus, you may have to cough up the entire amount of the bill during your office visit. If you want to be paid back afterward, either your doctor will submit a claim to Medicare, or you may have to submit it yourself using Form CMS-1490S.

Let's say, for example, your doctor's bill comes to $300, and Medicare pays $250. This means you'll have to pay the $50 difference, plus any copay, out of pocket, assuming your doctor agrees to the program's reimbursement rates. This can add up quickly over time. However, you may be able to cover these extra expenses through a Medigap insurance policy , aka Medicare Supplement Insurance . Provided by private insurers, it is designed to cover expenses not covered by Medicare.

2. Request a Discount

If your doctor is what's called an opt-out provider, they may still be willing to see Medicare patients but will expect to be paid their full fee—not the smaller Medicare reimbursement amount. These docs accept no Medicare reimbursement, and Medicare doesn't pay for any portion of the bills you receive from them. That means you are responsible for paying the total bill out of pocket.

Opt-out physicians are required to reveal the cost of all their services to you upfront. These doctors will also have you sign a private contract saying you agree to the opt-out arrangement.

Of course, you can always try to negotiate a discount. It's not uncommon for physicians to lower their rates for established patients. As a courtesy, they may also offer extended payment plans if you require a series of expensive treatments or procedures.

3. Visit an Urgent Care Center

Urgent care centers have become a popular place for people to go for their healthcare needs. There are now more than 10,000 urgent care centers in the U.S. These centers may also operate as walk-in clinics. Many provide both emergency and non-emergency services, including the treatment of non-life-threatening injuries and illnesses, as well as lab services.

Most urgent care centers and walk-in clinics accept Medicare. Many of these clinics serve as primary care practices for some patients. If you need a flu shot or you've come down with a relatively minor illness, you may consider going to one of these clinics and save the doctor visits for the big stuff.

4. Ask Your Doctor for a Referral

If you simply cannot afford to stick with your doctor, ask them to recommend the next best doctor in town who does accept Medicare. Your current doctor has probably already prepared for this eventuality and arranged to transfer Medicare patients to another physician's care.

Just because you are eligible for Medicare doesn't mean you have to enroll in all four parts . If you have other health insurance—for example, you're still working and can remain covered by your employer's group plan—you may want to stick with that plan. Medicare Advantage Plan networks are another alternative to investigate. Physicians in those HMO -like plans have agreed to accept the network's fees.

5. Search Medicare's Directory

There are still plenty of doctors who take Medicare. You can find them in Medicare’s Physician Compare directory , a comprehensive list of physicians and healthcare providers across the nation. Once you pinpoint a provider, call to make sure they’re still taking on new Medicare patients. After all, this can change on a dime.

Another approach is to check the best local hospitals and see if any physicians on their staff are taking Medicare patients. When you get names, research them online to learn about their backgrounds.

On March 27, 2020, President Trump signed a  $2 trillion coronavirus emergency stimulus package , called the CARES (Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security) Act, into law.  It expanded Medicare's ability to cover treatment and services for those affected by COVID-19. Parts of the CARES Act where extended including Increased flexibility for Medicare to cover telehealth services.

For Medicaid , the CARES Act clarifies that non-expansion states can use the Medicaid program to cover COVID-19–related services for uninsured adults who would have qualified for Medicaid if the state had chosen to expand. Other populations with limited Medicaid coverage are also eligible for coverage under this state option.

Does Every Doctor Accept Medicare?

No. Because of a number of factors, like lower reimbursement rates, paperwork, and regulations, some doctors choose to opt out of Medicare.

What Do I Do If My Doctor Does Not Accept Medicare?

You can choose to stay and cover the costs out-of-pocket, but this is not an affordable option for most Americans. Instead, you can ask your doctor for a referral to another healthcare provider that does accept Medicare, do your own research, or visit an urgent care facility. Most urgent care offices accept Medicare.

Why Do Doctors Refuse to Take Medicare?

Medicare is not always cost effective for doctors. It typically pays doctors only 80% of what private health insurance pays.

Thanks to plummeting reimbursement rates, ever-tightening rules, and cumbersome paperwork, many doctors are dropping Medicare. If you recently enrolled in Medicare only to find that your long-standing doctor doesn’t accept it, you have a number of options.

Whether you choose to stick with your cherished physician and pay the potentially exorbitant price or switch to a doctor who does accept Medicare, it’s important to carefully crunch the numbers before you make a final decision. Also, review your own medical situation and whether you need your current doctor—or someone with similar expertise—because of a specialized health issue.

Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. " History ."

Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. " Medicare: 35 Years of Service. " Download "Article Link (PDF)". Page 78.

Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. “ Trustees Report & Trust Funds .”

Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. " 2021 Medicare Trustees Report ," Page 193.

KFF. " The Facts About Medicare Spending ."

Medicare.gov. " Joining a Health or Drug Plan. "

Center for Medicare Advocacy. " Part B ."

Bulletin of the American College of Surgeons. " Medicare Physician Payment on the Decline: It's Not Your Imagination ."

Medicare FAQ. " What Is Medicare Assignment & What Doctors Accept It ."

Medicare.gov. “ Lower Costs With Assignment .”

Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. " CMS 1490S ."

Medicare. " What's Medicare Supplement Insurance (Medigap)? "

Medicare. " Opt Out Affidavits ."

Definitive Healthcare. " How many urgent care centers are in each U.S. state ?"

Medicare. " Medicare Advantage Plans ."

Department of the Treasury. " The CARES Act Works for All Americans ."

United States Department of Health and Human Services. " HHS Fact Sheet: Telehealth Flexibilities and Resources ."

Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. " Trump Administration Issues Second Round of Sweeping Changes to Support U.S. Healthcare System During COVID-19 Pandemic ."

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medicare provider does not accept assignment

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What is Medicare Assignment?

Written by: Rachael Zimlich, RN, BSN

Reviewed by: Eboni Onayo, Licensed Insurance Agent

Key Takeaways

Medicare assignment describes the fee structure that your doctor and Medicare have agreed to use.

If your doctor agrees to accept Medicare assignment, they agree to be paid whatever amount Medicare has approved for a service.

You may still see doctors who don’t accept Medicare assignment, but you may have to pay for your visit up front and submit a claim to Medicare for reimbursement.

You may have to pay more to see doctors who don’t accept Medicare assignment.

How Does Medicare Assignment Work?

What is Medicare assignment ?

Medicare assignment simply means that your provider has agreed to stick to a Medicare fee schedule when it comes to what they charge for tests and services. Medicare regularly updates fee schedules, setting specific limits for what it will cover for things like office visits and lab testing.

When a provider agrees to accept Medicare assignment, they cannot charge more than the Medicare-approved amount. For you, this means your out-of-pocket costs may be lower than if you saw a provider who did not accept Medicare assignment. The provider acknowledges that the amount Medicare set for a particular service is the maximum amount that will be paid.

You may still have to pay a Medicare deductible and coinsurance, but your provider will have to submit a claim to Medicare directly and wait for payment before passing any share of the costs onto you. Doctors who accept Medicare assignment cannot charge you to submit these claims.

Have questions about your Medicare coverage?

How do I know if a Provider Accepts Medicare Assignments?

There are a few levels of commitment when it comes to Medicare assignment.

  • Providers who have agreed to accept Medicare assignment sign a contract with Medicare.
  • Those who have not signed a contract with Medicare can still accept assignment amounts for services of their choice. They do not have to accept assignment for every service provided. These are called non-participating providers.
  • Some providers opt out of Medicare altogether. Doctors who have opted out of Medicare completely or who use private contracts will not be paid anything by Medicare, even if it’s for a covered service within the fee limits. You will have to pay the full cost of any services provided by these doctors yourself.

How do I find a Medicare doctor? You can check to see if your provider accepts Medicare assignment on Medicare’s website .

Billing arrangement options for providers who accept Medicare

Doctors that take Medicare can sign a contract to accept assignment for all Medicare services, or be a non-participating provider that accepts assignment for some services but not all.

A medical provider that accepts Medicare assignment must submit claims directly to Medicare on your behalf. They will be paid the agreed upon amount by Medicare, and you will pay any copayments or deductibles dictated by your plan.

If your doctor is non-participating, they may accept Medicare assignment for some services but not others. Even if they do agree to accept Medicare’s fee for some services, Medicare will only pay then 95% of the set assignment cost for a particular service.

If your provider does plan to work with Medicare, either the provider or you can submit a claim to Medicare, but you may have to pay the entire cost of the visit up front and wait for reimbursement. They can’t charge you for more than the amount approved by Medicare, but they can charge you above the Medicare-approved amount. This is called the limiting charge, and can be up to 15% more than Medicare-approved amount for non-participating providers.

What Does it Mean when a Provider Does Not Accept Medicare Assignment?

Providers who refuse Medicare assignment can still choose to accept Medicare’s set fees for certain services. These are called non-participating providers.

There are a number of providers who opt out of participating in Medicare altogether; they are referred to as “opt-out doctors”. This means they have signed an opt-out agreement with Medicare and can’t be paid by Medicare at all — even for services normally covered by Medicare. Opt-out contracts last for at least two years. Some of these providers may only offer services to patients who sign contracts.

You do not need to sign a contract with a private provider or use an opt-out provider. There are many options for alternative providers who accept Medicare. If you do choose an opt-out or private contract provider, you will have to pay the full cost of services on your own.

Can I bundle multiple benefits into one plan?

Do providers have to accept Medicare assignment?

No. Providers can choose to accept a full Medicare assignment, or accept assignment rates for some services as a non-participating provider. Doctors can also opt out of participating in Medicare altogether.

How much will I have to pay if my provider doesn't accept Medicare assignment?

Some providers that don’t accept assignment as a whole will accept assignment for some services. These are called non-participating providers. For these providers and providers who have completely opted out of Medicare, you will pay the majority of or the full amount for your care.

How do I submit a claim?

If you need to submit your own claim to Medicare, you can call 1-800-MEDICARE or use Form CMS-1490S .

Can my provider charge to submit a claim?

No. Providers are not allowed to charge to submit a claim to Medicare on your behalf.

Lower Costs with Assignment. Medicare.gov.

Fee Schedules. CMS.gov.

This website is operated by GoHealth, LLC., a licensed health insurance company. The website and its contents are for informational and educational purposes; helping people understand Medicare in a simple way. The purpose of this website is the solicitation of insurance. Contact will be made by a licensed insurance agent/producer or insurance company. Medicare Supplement insurance plans are not connected with or endorsed by the U.S. government or the federal Medicare program. Our mission is to help every American get better health insurance and save money. Any information we provide is limited to those plans we do offer in your area. Please contact Medicare.gov or 1-800-MEDICARE to get information on all of your options.

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Everything PTs Need to Know About Accepting Medicare Assignment

There's no one-size fits all answer as to whether or not a PT should accept Medicare assignment, but you can better understand your options.

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Over the years, we’ve written quite a few blog posts about Medicare—covering everything from Medicare and direct access to Medicare supervision requirements —and I don’t foresee that stopping any time soon. After all, there are so many intricacies and nuances to navigating Medicare that we have fodder to write until, well, either the end of time or the end of Medicare—whichever comes first. Today, let’s review one of the most fundamental Medicare concepts: the notion of accepting assignment. Here, we’ll help clarify what that means for physical therapists—and the pros and cons of doing so.

What does it mean to accept Medicare assignment?

In short, accepting Medicare assignment means signing a contract to accept whatever Medicare pays for a covered service as full payment. 

Participating Providers

Providers who accept Medicare assignment for all covered services are considered participating providers under Medicare and may not charge patients above and beyond what Medicare agrees to pay. These providers may, however, collect patient deductibles and coinsurances—although, as explained on this page , these providers typically ask Medicare to pay its share before collecting anything from the patient. Per the same resource, these providers are required to submit claims directly to Medicare for reimbursement and cannot charge patients for the claim submission. As Dr. Jarod Carter, PT, DPT, MTC, writes in this blog post , “This is the most common and best-understood relationship that physical therapists have with Medicare.”

Because Medicare beneficiaries often pay less out of pocket when receiving care from a provider who accepts assignment, patients may be more willing to work with these providers. Thus, if you accept assignment, you may have access to not only more Medicare patients, but also more potential referral partners who only work with assignment-accepting providers. 

You must accept whatever Medicare deems appropriate compensation, and as we know, that’s below market value more often than not. Given the recently announced cuts to assistant-provided services and the 8% cut to all physical therapy services , accepting assignment may be increasingly less appealing to physical therapists. That said, if you serve a large Medicare population, the volume of patients you see may make it financially beneficial for you to continue playing by Medicare’s rules.

If you don’t want to accept Medicare assignment, what are your other options?

Non-participating providers.

As Meredith Castin explains in this blog post , Medicare also allows physical therapists to be non-participating providers (a.k.a. non-enrolled providers), which simply means that, while they are still in a contractual relationship with Medicare (and thus, are eligible to provide covered services to Medicare beneficiaries), they have not agreed to accept assignment across the board. As such, these providers may charge more than what Medicare pays for a particular service up to a limit that Medicare calls “the limiting charge.” Non-participating providers may choose to accept assignment for some services, but not others —or no services at all. For services that are not under assignment, the provider may collect payment directly from the patient; however, he or she must still bill Medicare, so that Medicare may reimburse the patient.

Non-participating providers are still eligible to serve Medicare beneficiaries, but they maintain some degree of freedom when it comes to pricing their services. In other words, if you are a non-participating provider, you are less beholden to what Medicare deems as appropriate payment than you are as a participating provider.

That said, you do still have to charge within Medicare’s limit, which means your freedom is far from total. Additionally, because patients may have to pay more out of pocket for your services and/or pay and wait for reimbursement from Medicare, you may have to work harder to convince them that you’re worth the financial investment. With the right data and marketing , it’s definitely doable; it may just require a little more effort.

No Relationship with Medicare

Physicians are eligible to “opt out” of Medicare, which means that even if they are neither participating nor nonparticipating providers, they can still see Medicare beneficiaries on a cash-pay basis. Physical therapists do not enjoy the same privilege. So, if you decide not to be a Medicare participating provider or non-participating provider, then you effectively have no relationship with Medicare. Thus, you are not able to provide Medicare-covered services to Medicare beneficiaries. 

That said, all physical therapists, regardless of their relationship with Medicare, may provide never-covered services to Medicare beneficiaries, including wellness services. According to Castin, though, providers who go down that route, “need to be very clear about Medicare’s definition of ‘wellness services’ versus ‘physical therapy services.’” According to cash-pay PT Jarod Carter , it’s imperative for your documentation to clearly support that the services were indeed wellness as opposed to therapy. 

As a provider with no relationship with Medicare, you’re not required to play by Medicare’s rules when it comes to reporting requirements or (low-ball) payments. You’re also not at all affected by Medicare’s most recent cuts, which, quite frankly, is a big bonus.

However, as of 2007 , 15% of the US population was enrolled in Medicare; that’s 44 million people—most of whom could benefit from seeing a physical therapist to improve function and mobility and decrease pain. And that number is projected to grow to 79 million people by 2030. As such, choosing not to play ball with Medicare means you’re walking away from a very large market of patients who need your services. 

Deciding whether or not to accept Medicare assignment—and what type of relationship you’d like to have with Medicare—is not an easy decision to make, and there are a lot of factors to take into consideration before getting involved or breaking it off with this substantial federal payer. That said, it is important to know that you have options. Have more questions about what it means to accept assignment as a PT? Ask them below, and we’ll do our best to find you an answer.

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For people enrolled in Original Medicare (Parts A & B) the differences between a participating provider, a non-participating provider, and an opt-out provider, are important to understand.

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Key Takeaways

For people enrolled in Original Medicare (Parts A & B) the differences between a participating provider, a non-participating provider, and an opt-out provider, are important to understand and can have a big financial impact.

Non-participating providers may require you to pay the entire charge at the time you receive care, and you may have to file your own claim to receive any reimbursement from Medicare.

Opt-out providers choose not to work with Medicare, meaning your health care bill may be entirely your responsibility, even if you have supplemental insurance.

If you are enrolled in Original Medicare (Parts A & B) , it is important to understand the relationship your health care providers have with Medicare. This relationship can directly impact what you pay for certain Medicare services.  

Under Original Medicare, your doctors and health care facilities can have one of three relationships with Medicare:

  • A participating provider
  • A non-participating provider
  • An opt-out provider

What is a participating provider under Medicare?

A participating provider has signed up to accept Medicare insurance and agrees to always "accept assignment." A doctor that accepts assignment agrees to accept the Medicare-approved amount as full payment for any Medicare-covered service.    

As the patient of a participating Medicare provider, you can expect:

  • You will not have to handle the billing paperwork. Your provider will submit your claims to Medicare on your behalf, and Medicare will process the bill and pay the provider directly.
  • Once you meet your Medicare Part B deductible, Medicare will pay 80% of the approved amount, and you will be responsible for paying the 20% coinsurance.
  • Many Medicare supplement plans (also called Medigap) will cover the 20% you may owe. Consult your Medigap plan for details.

What is a non-participating provider under Medicare?

A non-participating provider has agreed to accept Medicare insurance but not accept assignment.  Consequently, non-participating providers may charge up to 15% above the Medicare approved amount for the Medicare-covered service. This extra payment is called the limiting charge. Note that this 15% charge is based on Medicare’s fees for a service amount and not on the amount the provider originally charged.

As the patient of a non-participating provider, you can expect that: 

  • The provider may require you to pay the entire charge at the time of service.
  • Once you meet your Medicare Part B deductible, Medicare will pay their portion based on Medicare’s fee schedule, and you will be responsible to pay up to 35% (20% coinsurance + 15% limiting charge) of Medicare’s approved amount for covered services. 
  • You may need to file a claim directly with Medicare if the provider does not choose to submit a claim (that is, bill Medicare directly) on your behalf.  You can file a claim with Medicare by completing the Patient’s Request for Payment Form CMS-1490S
  • Many Medicare supplement/Medigap plans will cover the coinsurance, and some will even cover the limiting/excess charges. Consult your plan policy for details. 

What is an opt-out provider under Medicare?

Opt-out providers choose not to work with Medicare insurance. Medicare will not pay for any covered items or services provided by opt-out doctors or other healthcare professionals, except in the case of an emergency or urgent need. Opt-out providers and patients set up mutually agreed upon payment terms under a private contract.

If you are a patient of an opt-out physician, you can expect that: 

  • The provider will bill you directly for care and services, and you will pay out-of-pocket.
  • Neither you nor the provider will submit a bill nor receive reimbursement from Medicare. Opt-out providers are not governed by Medicare’s set fees.
  • Most Medicare supplemental policies do not cover services provided by an opt-out provider. Be sure to check your policy for details.

What does this mean if I have Medicare Advantage?

If you’re enrolled in a Medicare Advantage plan , you pay the specific co-pays for doctors’ services that your plan requires. You usually must see a provider within your plan network.

How do I find more information about my health care providers?

It is always a good idea to contact your provider directly if you have questions about their education, board certification, or Medicare provider status. Medicare also offers several tools to help you learn more about the providers currently coordinating your care. 

  • Use Medicare’s   Physician Compare tool to determine whether your provider is participating, non-participating, or an opt-out Medicare provider.
  • Find a physician’s board certifications, education, states with active licenses, and any actions against them using the search on DocInfo.org  from the Federation of State Medical Boards.
  • Medicare’s open payment search tool can be used to search for payments made by drug and medical device companies to physicians, teaching hospitals, and physician assistants.  

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November 6, 2023

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Dear Marci,

I recently enrolled in Original Medicare. I know that with Original Medicare, I can see most any provider. Will my costs be the same regardless of which provider I see? Or is there anything else I should consider to get the best costs for my care?

-Iris (Huntington, NY)

If you have Original Medicare, your  Part B costs  once you have met your deductible can vary depending on the type of provider you see. For cost purposes, there are three types of providers, meaning three different relationships a provider can have with Medicare. A provider’s type determines how much you will pay for Part B-covered services.

Participating providers  accept Medicare and always take assignment. Taking assignment means that the provider accepts Medicare’s approved amount for health care services as full payment. These providers are required to submit a bill (also called filing a claim) to Medicare for care you receive. Medicare will process the bill and pay your provider directly for your care. If your provider does not file a claim for your care, there are  troubleshooting steps to help resolve the problem . If you see a participating provider, you are responsible for paying a 20% coinsurance for Medicare-covered services. Certain providers, such as clinical social workers and physician assistants, must always take assignment if they accept Medicare.

Non-participating providers  accept Medicare but do not agree to take assignment in all cases (they may on a case-by-case basis). This means that while non-participating providers have signed up to accept Medicare insurance, they do not accept Medicare’s approved amount for health care services as full payment. Non-participating providers can charge up to 15% more than Medicare’s approved amount for the cost of services you receive (known as the limiting charge). This means you are responsible for up to 35% (20% coinsurance + 15% limiting charge) of Medicare’s approved amount for covered services. Some states may restrict the limiting charge when you see non-participating providers. For example, New York State’s limiting charge is set at 5%, instead of 15%, for most services. For more information, contact your  State Health Insurance Assistance Program (SHIP) .

Opt-out providers  do not accept Medicare at all and have signed an agreement to be excluded from the Medicare program. This means they can charge whatever they want for services but must follow certain rules to do so. Medicare will not pay for care you receive from an opt-out provider (except in emergencies). You are responsible for the entire cost of your care. The provider must give you a private contract describing their charges and confirming that you understand you are responsible for the full cost of your care and that Medicare will not reimburse you. Opt-out providers do not bill Medicare for services you receive. Many psychiatrists opt out of Medicare.

Be sure to ask your provider if they are participating, non-participating, or opt-out. You can also check by using Medicare’s  Physician Compare tool .

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  1. What does it mean if your doctor doesn’t accept assignment

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  2. Medicare Assignment: Understanding How It Works

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  3. Medicare Assignment: Understanding How It Works

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  4. Does My Doctor Accept Medicare? (Medicare Assignment Explained)

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  5. What Are Medicare Part B Excess Charges?

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  6. Does not accept Medicare concept

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  1. Medicare Open Enrollment preview

COMMENTS

  1. Does your provider accept Medicare as full payment?

    If your doctor, provider, or supplier doesn't accept assignment: You might have to pay the full amount at the time of service. They should submit a claim to Medicare for any Medicare-covered services they give you, and they can't charge you for submitting a claim. If they refuse to submit a Medicare claim, you can submit your own claim to Medicare.

  2. What does it mean if your doctor doesn't accept assignment?

    A: If your doctor doesn't "accept assignment," (ie, is a non-participating provider) it means he or she might see Medicare patients and accept Medicare reimbursement as partial payment, but wants to be paid more than the amount that Medicare is willing to pay.

  3. Medicare Assignment: What It Is and How It Works

    According to the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, 98% of providers participate in Medicare, which means they accept assignment. You can ask the provider directly about their participation with Medicare. But Medicare also has a tool that you can use to find participating doctors, hospitals, home health care services, and other providers.

  4. What Is Medicare Assignment and How Does It Affect You?

    A doctor who takes Medicare but doesn't accept assignment can still treat Medicare patients but won't always accept the Medicare-approved amount as payment in full. This means they can charge you up to a maximum of 15 percent more than Medicare pays for the service you receive, called "balance billing."

  5. Medicare Assignment

    Opt-Out Providers: The minority of healthcare providers that do not accept Medicare. Fortunately for beneficiaries, this group represents less than 3% of adult healthcare providers in the United States. How To Find Out if a Doctor Accepts Medicare Assignment

  6. Participating, non-participating, and opt-out Medicare providers

    Certain providers, such as clinical social workers and physician assistants, must always take assignment if they accept Medicare. Non-participating providers accept Medicare but do not agree to take assignment in all cases (they may on a case-by-case basis).

  7. Assignment and Nonassignment of Benefits

    Item 27 on the CMS-1500 claim form allows the provider to indicate whether they accept or do not accept assignment. When accepting assignment, the beneficiary may be billed for the 20% coinsurance, any unmet deductible and for services not covered by Medicare.

  8. PDF Frequently asked questions

    Non-participating physicians can decide on a claim-by-claim or patient-by-patient basis whether or not to accept assignment. When they accept assignment, Medicare makes the payment directly to the physician and collects the 20 percent coinsurance from the patient, but the physician cannot collect the full limiting charge amount.

  9. Assignment and Non-assignment of Benefits

    Nonparticipating suppliers have the option of accepting assignment on a claim-by-claim basis except where CMS regulations require mandatory assignment, i.e., Medicare covered drugs.

  10. Paying a Visit to the Doctor: Current Financial Protections for ...

    When non-participating providers do not accept assignment, they may not collect reimbursement from Medicare; rather, they bill the Medicare patient directly, typically up front at...

  11. Mandatory Claim Submission

    The requirement to submit Medicare claims does not mean a provider must accept assignment. Compliance of the claims mandatory claim filing requirements is monitored by carriers. Violations of the requirement may be subject to a civil monetary penalty of up to $2,000 for each violation and/or Medicare program exclusion.

  12. What to Do When Your Doctor Doesn't Take Medicare

    1. Stay Put and Pay the Difference If your doctor is what's called a non-participating provider, it means they haven't signed an agreement to accept assignment for all Medicare-covered...

  13. Medicare Assignment: What It's About, and Who It Affects

    Bottom line: Medicare assignment providers and non-participating providers who agree to accept Medicare assignment are both viable options for patients. ... Seeing a provider who does not accept Medicare will likely be more expensive. And your visits won't count toward your deductible. But you may be able to work out paying reduced fees on a ...

  14. Medicare Assignment: How to Choose the Right Provider

    A non-participating provider can choose to accept or not accept assignment on Medicare-covered services. If your provider is non-participating, you could be liable for the entire amount of your services. Additionally, service providers can charge you up to 15% more than the Medicare-approved amount, even when they accept assignment for a ...

  15. Medicare Assignment and How Doctors Accept It Explained

    Doctors that take Medicare can sign a contract to accept assignment for all Medicare services, or be a non-participating provider that accepts assignment for some services but not all. A medical provider that accepts Medicare assignment must submit claims directly to Medicare on your behalf.

  16. Do most doctors accept Medicare? Assignment, rules, costs and more

    A doctor who does not have an agreement with Medicare to accept assignment is considered a non-participating provider. It may be important for a person to note, however, that even though a ...

  17. What is Medicare Assignment

    Summary: Medicare Assignment is an agreement between healthcare providers and Medicare, where providers accept the Medicare-approved amount as full payment, preventing them from charging beneficiaries extra. This benefits Medicare beneficiaries by controlling their costs and ensuring they only pay deductibles and copayments.

  18. Everything PTs Need to Know About Accepting Medicare Assignment

    Non-participating providers may choose to accept assignment for some services, but not others —or no services at all. For services that are not under assignment, the provider may collect payment directly from the patient; however, he or she must still bill Medicare, so that Medicare may reimburse the patient. The Pros

  19. Understanding the 3 Types of Medicare Health Care Providers

    A non-participating provider has agreed to accept Medicare insurance but not accept assignment. Consequently, non-participating providers may charge up to 15% above the Medicare approved amount for the Medicare-covered service. ... You may need to file a claim directly with Medicare if the provider does not choose to submit a claim (that is ...

  20. Physician Acceptance of Medicare Assignment

    The Medicare accept assignment definition pertains to physicians, medical suppliers and medical providers that agree to accept Medicare-approved charges as total and full payment for all covered services without adding extra charges. These providers also agree to charge only the allowed Medicare deductible and coinsurance charges to patients.

  21. PDF Medicare Enrollment for Physicians, Non-Physician Practitioners and

    In Medicare, "participation" means you agree to always accept assignment of claims for all services you furnish to Medicare beneficiaries. By agreeing to always accept assignment, you agree to always accept Medicare-allowed . amounts as payment in full and to not collect more than the Medicare deductible and coinsurance from the beneficiary.

  22. Understanding Medicare Reimbursement & Claims

    The takeaway. Original Medicare pays for the majority (80 percent) of your Part A and Part B covered expenses if you visit a participating provider who accepts assignment. They will also accept ...

  23. Does it matter which kind of Medicare provider I see?

    Certain providers, such as clinical social workers and physician assistants, must always take assignment if they accept Medicare. Non-participating providers accept Medicare but do not agree to take assignment in all cases (they may on a case-by-case basis). This means that while non-participating providers have signed up to accept Medicare ...