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What is Vital Statistics? Types, Uses and Examples

  • Neelam Tyagi
  • Nov 26, 2020
  • Updated on: Jun 18, 2021

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“If your experiment needs a statistician, you need a better experiment.”― Ernest Rutherford

As a scientific discipline, Vital Statistics is a subfield of demography and the study & research of characteristics of the civilized population. The term “vital statistics'' is deployed to the individual determination of some vital events.

The birth rate is an example of vital statistics and an investigation of trends in birth rates is an example of an application in the domain of vital statistics. There are various examples of vital statistics such as death rates, or the number of marriages, human population, etc. 

While reading this article, you will learn the meaning of vital statistics, types and uses of vital statistics, and a brief note over vital statistics system . 

Defining Statistics

Statistics, an agglomeration of numerical data, or simply the mathematical science that deals with the assortment, examining, and interpretation of numerical data through the use of the statistical theory of probability, specifically the tools and techniques that drive inferences regarding the features of the population via deciphering a random sample.

Here, Probability is a mathematical tool that is deployed in order to discuss uncertain events and plays an essential role in statistics. 

Statistics is an interdisciplinary field; research and analysis in statistics have diverse applications in all scientific fields and research. Two essential concepts in the field of statistics are uncertainty and variation. 

For example, various conditions are there in science where the outcome is uncertain. And statisticians try to understand and control, whenever possible, the origin of variation under any situation. Some statistical measures include mean, regression analysis , skewness, kurtosis, variance, and analysis of variance.

Additionally, statistics and its types are implemented in several disciplines like psychology, business, social science, humanities, government and manufacturing. Statistical data is collected through a simple procedure or various methods.

There are two types of statistical methods used in statistical data analysis :

  • Descriptive Statistics: that are used to evaluate data from a sample practising the mean or standard deviation, and
  • Inferential Statistics: that is implemented when the statistical data is reviewed as a part of a specific population.

Vital Statistics

According to N.B. Ryder , vital statistics “give cumulative summaries for successive time periods of population movements like birth, death, migration, marriage and marital dissolution as well as demographic and other relevant characteristics of the individuals involved in these events. ”

In simple words, Vital statistics, or vital events or vital records as they are known generally, have become an important resource for demographic data. It explicates statistical events such as births, deaths, marriages, divorces, etc. 

Vital statistics involves:

Quantities and rates of births,

Important characteristics of births, such as births by sex, location and maternal age,

Quantities and rates of deaths, and

Deaths by essential characteristics such as age, sex, location and cause of death.

Vital statistics are the statistical yield under the civil registration system, and the information, involved within the individual civil registration records, is assembled in order to create vital statistics for the population.

(Also read: Top 5 statistical data analysis techniques )

In most of the underdeveloped countries, the registration of birth, deaths, marriages, migration, etc is not conducted, especially people who live in rural regions, due to bulk illiteracy and ignorance.

In opposite to that, in most of the developing and developed, it has mandated to make registration of vital records like births, deaths, marriages, divorces, migrations, etc. 

Common Definitions

Live Birth: It is a full exclusion from its mother as a product of conception, heedless of the pregnancy duration, that after segregation breaths and devote the evidence of life (conduction of heartbeat, and pulse, or definite activities of voluntary muscles, etc,) whether or not placenta has been attached. Each product of such a birth is accounted for as live birth or live born.

Marriage: It is considered as the permanent commitment of a man and women who are entered into a new life for the purpose of marriage and family life in accordance with the law. 

Death: It signifies the long-lasting disappearance of the complete evidence of life at any instant of time after live birth has taken place.

Fetal Death: It indicates the death prior to the full exclusion of a product of conception from its mother, regardless of pregnancy duration. The death is signified with the facts and figures that after segregation, the fetus doesn’t breathe or exhibit any proof of life such as the execution of heartbeat, pulses, or activities of voluntary muscles.

(Must read: Types statistical data distribution models )

Types of Vital Statistics

Simply, Vital statistics incorporates a number of some significant vital events that take place in human life, for example, birth, death, fetal death, marriage, divorce, judicial separation, adoption, legitimation, and recognition that combinedly generate an excessive amount of data and can be analyzed through vital statistics.

The following are some of the major types of vital statistics;

Birth Statistics: It includes an absolute number of births, crude birth rates, and sex ratio at birth. It also comprises fertility rates in terms of adolescent birth rate, age-specific fertility rate, and total fertility rates as well as low birth weight and preterm live births.

Marriage Statistics: It consists of an absolute number of marriages, age-specific distributions and rates, the median age at marriage.

Divorce Statistics: It involves an absolute number of divorces, age-specific distributions and rates, the median age at divorce and cause of divorce.

Death Statistics: It covers an absolute number of deaths, crude death rates, age-, sex-, and cause-specific death rates. Moreover, death statistics include life table and life expectancy, infant mortality, under-five mortality and maternal mortality ratio. ( From )

(Also read: What is Bayesian Statistics? )

6 Uses of Vital Statistics

For the people and the nation, vital statistics is of much importance;

For the individual

Vital statistics have much of use for the individuals, for example, a child’s birth certificate, that is being issued by the registering authority, is a crucial document that has the data of date, time, place, and parentage of the child, also it authorized child’s identity as the citizen of the respective country.    

A birth certificate is a legal document that is deployed in various tasks such as for taking admission in school, for obtaining a passport, to migrate in another country, etc.

Likewise, a marriage certificate keeps the record of the marital status of a couple, death certificate records the no more existence of a person in the world, etc. 

For legal usage

Vital statistics are legally extremely beneficiary, such as issued certificates related to birth, death, marriage, divorce, etc are legally important.

For example, a death certificate is necessary and an important legal document for the settlement of property of the expired person, for claiming his/her insurance policy, etc. 

(Referred blog: Descriptive Analysis )

Health and family planning programmes

Related to births and deaths records, vital statistics are used in health and planning programmes under the government system. The causes behind deaths, and the mortality rates of several categories aid in capturing the health conditions of the people.

In accordance with this data, the state authority can design health programmes such as malaria eradication, polio and tiny pox vaccine, tuberculosis, etc. Also, the government can launch hospitals, maternity and child welfare centres, etc. according to the requirement of the population. 

For the study of social circumstances

In order to study the birth and death rate, divorce rate, widow remarriage, widowhood etc, vital statistics are of much use, it reflects the current situation/circumstances of the society as well as its customs and traditions. 

For administrators and planners

Related to trend and population growth under the various age group and as a whole, vital statistics provide data and information that help planners and administrators for proposing and preparing policies for health, education, housing, transporting and communications, food supplies, etc. 

For the nation

Vital statistics help in investigating the pollution trends at any instant of time and try to bridge the gap amid two censuses, therefore are very useful for the nation. It is related to the size, composition, distribution, growth of the population.

Population projections can be produced using these statistics, and assist in making policies for offering social securities to the people. Even though, the immigration rules and emigration can be formulated on the basis of population growth data.

Vital statistics are also useful for upgrading the electoral rolls system and division of constituencies. ( Source )

(Must read: 7 types of statistical analysis )

Vital Statistics System

Involving the entire process from collecting, organizing, and investing to circulating valuable information, drawn from vital events that are filled via civil registration system, vital statistics system works with the objective of having full, accurate and up to date data for the complete vital events, taking place in a nation.

Or simply, Vital Statistics system is the entire procedure of compiling by civil registration, enumeration, or implied estimation, information over the occurrence frequency of vital events, preferred characteristics of the events and the persons associated, and the collecting, investigating, evaluating, and distribution of such data in abstracted statistical form.

Moreover, the civil registration system is disparate from the various methods of collecting data, concerning population, as it is authorized by the law to be complete the cover the whole population, continuous and permanent which is up-to-dates in an ancient collection.

Therefore the information, gathered within vital statistics system, has the legal authority and hence in terms with these features, the vital statistics produced from civil registration, posses enormous advantages than other sources of vital statistics, like census or household surveys.

Some of the advantages are discussed below; 

Constantly produced, as and when the events take place, and hence optimizing accurateness.

Accessible in an appropriate and convenient way over time and across geographics.

Brought about for the entire population across a nation at the lowest administrative level. 

In addition to that, vital statistics, on births and deaths data, can be generated from the periodic censuses and household surveys.

( Recommended blog: 4 types of data in statistics )  

With the main objective of determining the number of births, deaths, marriages and divorces that occur within the nation, vital statistics deals in these areas as well as the characteristics associated with these demographic phenomena.

Vital statistics, truly the figures of life and deaths, embraces an irrefutable position of importance within a data resource of a country. In the simplest forms, the determination of births and deaths is one of the highest data accumulation preferences for any government. 

“Many people that have been through the unemployment system realize that the corporate government unemployment statistics only report the short term unemployed and the long term unemployed and disabled are ignored.”― Steven Mage

Even though, vital statistics are the significant national information resource in themselves for learning and understanding public health and investigation some prime indicators like fertility, mortality, and causes of death and some other relevant factors.

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assignment on vital statistics

National Vital Statistics System

National Vital Statistics System

Image of CDC Wonder announcement of new provisional natality data

The National Vital Statistics System (NVSS) provides the most complete data on births and deaths in the United States

  • Trends and Characteristics in Maternal Syphilis Rates During Pregnancy: United States, 2016–2022 (2/13/2024)
  • Shifts in the Distribution of Births by Gestational Age: United States, 2014–2022 [PDF - 404 KB]
  • Trends in Cesarean Delivery in Puerto Rico, 2018–2022 (1/10/2024)
  • Mortality in Adults Age 65 and Older: United States, 2000–2019 [PDF - 1,065 KB]
  • Perinatal Mortality in the United States, 2020–2021 (12/7/2023)
  • Characteristics of Mothers Admitted to Intensive Care Units During Hospitalization for Delivery of a Live-born Infant: United States, 2020–2022 (12/7/2023)
  • Deaths: Leading Causes for 2020 [PDF - 2,208 KB]
  • Provisional Numbers and Rates of Suicide by Demographic Characteristics: United States, 2022 [PDF - 600 KB]
  • Provisional Life Expectancy Estimates for 2022 [PDF - 666 KB]
  • Declines in Cancer Death Rates Among Youth: United States, 2001–2021

Explore Our Topics

births

Birth data track important demographic and health trends, such as pregnancy risk factors, teen pregnancy, and preterm birth

births

Data from death certificates are the most comprehensive source of information on mortality, including cause of death

births

Fetal death data can help identify pregnancy risks and improve the health of mothers and infants

births

Linked birth/infant death data are used to explore relationships between infant death and risk factors present during pregnancy and at birth

life expectancy

Life expectancy data provide a snapshot of population health and mortality in the United States

births

Information on the total numbers and rates of marriages and divorces is collected at the national and state levels

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Find the latest resources to help monitor and report Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) deaths. Please visit our COVID-19 Death Data and Reporting Guidance page to stay up to date on the latest information.

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Find our latest provisional (preliminary) estimates on births and deaths, including deaths from drug overdoses and flu.

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Connections and Resources

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Online trainings, mobile apps, guidance, and handbooks for those working with vital records

revisions

Information for jurisdictions about certificates of birth, death, and fetal death

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Information on the role medical examiners and coroners play in public health

where to write

Where to write for birth, death, marriage, or divorce certificates by state and territory

NDI

Resources to link death certificate information, including cause of death, to research datasets

NDI

Resources from across CDC to support the work in the medical examiner and coroner community

Stay up to date on the latest happenings across our nation’s vital statistics community

  • Global Program for Civil Registration of Vital Statistics
  • e-Vital Standards Initiative
  • Improving Data on Drug Overdose Deaths
  • U.S. Census Populations With Bridged Race Categories

National Survey of Family Growth

Past Surveys:

  • National Mortality Followback Survey
  • National Maternal and Infant Health Survey
  • About the National Vital Statistics System
  • The U.S. National Vital Statistics System: Transitioning Into the 21st Century, 1990–2017
  • U.S. Vital Statistics System: Major Activities and Developments, 1950-95
  • National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS)

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Vital sign assessment.

Amit Sapra ; Ahmad Malik ; Priyanka Bhandari .

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Last Update: May 1, 2023 .

  • Definition/Introduction

Vital signs are an objective measurement of the essential physiological functions of a living organism. They have the name "vital" as their measurement and assessment is the critical first step for any clinical evaluation. The first set of clinical examinations is an evaluation of the vital signs of the patient. Triage of patients in an urgent/prompt care or an emergency department is based on their vital signs as it tells the physician the degree of derangement that is happening from the baseline. Healthcare providers must understand the various physiologic and pathologic processes affecting these sets of measurements and their proper interpretation. If we use a triage method where we select patients without determining their vital signs, it may not give us a reflection of the urgency of the patient's presentation. [1]  The degree of vital sign abnormalities may also predict the long-term patient health outcomes, return emergency department visits, and frequency of readmission to hospitals, and utilization of healthcare resources.

Traditionally, the vital signs consist of temperature, pulse rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate. Even though there are a variety of parameters that may be useful along with the traditional four vital sign parameters, studies have only found pulse oximetry and smoking status to have significance in patient outcomes. [2] Pulse oximetry sometimes helps to clarify the patient's physiological functions, which would sometimes be unclear by checking just the traditional vital signs. The inclusion of smoking status has the premise that the patient will be provided counseling by the provider on quitting smoking. In the past, some health care systems in the United States had used "pain as the fifth vital sign'. This approach is being abandoned due to the unintended opioid crisis that the country is currently facing. [3]

  • Issues of Concern

Patient safety is a fundamental concern in any health care organization, and early detection of any clinical deterioration is of paramount importance whether the patient is in the emergency department or on the hospital floor. The early detection of changes in vital signs typically correlates with faster detection of changes in the cardiopulmonary status of the patient as well as up-gradation of the level of service if needed. Vital signs assessment currently uses electronic equipment, but there is evidence that, outside of the intensive care units, respiratory rate assessment through observation, leading to insufficient, subjective, and unreliable results. [4]

In a case-control study conducted by Rothschild and colleagues, early warning criterion among patients on the medical floor, the presence of respiratory rate over 35/min (OR=31.1) was most strongly associated with a life-threatening adverse event. [5]  Early warning score (EWS) tools, mostly using vital sign abnormalities, are critical in predicting cardiac arrest and death within 48 hours of measurement, even though the effect on in-hospital health outcomes and utilization of resources remains unknown. [5]

It seems intuitive that the higher the frequency of vital sign measurement, the faster the chances of clinical deterioration are detected. There is variability between institutes within and across nations depending on the acuity of clinical condition, any active intervention carried out, the amount of staff availability, cost issues, organizational practices, and leadership styles. The weighted average score deduced from the vital sign measurements (i.e., an early warning score) is used to determine the timing of the next observation sets. [4] [5]

  • Clinical Significance

Temperature

Body temperature is a variable, which is complex as well as nonlinear and is affected by many sources of internal and external variables. The normal body temperature for a healthy adult is approximately 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit/37.0 degrees centigrade. The human body temperature typically ranges from 36.5 to 37.5 degrees centigrade (97.7 to 99.5 degrees Fahrenheit. [6]  Body temperature is regulated in the hypothalamus in a narrow thermodynamic range and maintained to optimize the synaptic transmission of biochemical reactions. [7]

Clinical decisions, especially in the pediatric population regarding the investigation and management, are based on the results of temperature measurement alone. Whereas at one end, missing that the patient's fever is severe or detecting a falsely positive fever reading can cause the patient to receive wrongful management. Galileo was the first scientist to uncover the concept of thermometers that began in the 16th century. In the year, 1709 Daniel Fahrenheit developed an alcohol-filled thermometer as well as a mercury-filled thermometer. [8]

Health care providers use the axillary, rectal, oral, and tympanic membrane most commonly to record body temperature, and the devices most commonly used are the electronic and infrared thermometers. They can monitor temperature at different sites, and each site has its range as well as advantages and disadvantages. As clinicians, the understanding of these site-specific differences is crucial. For example, the oral temperature, which is the most commonly used method, is considered very convenient and reliable. Here we place the thermometer under the tongue and close the lips around it. The posterior sublingual pocket is the area that gives the highest reliability. The other commonly used methods are tympanic temperature, where the thermometer where we insert the thermometer into the ear canal, and the axillary temperature where we place the thermometer in the axilla while adducting the arm of the patient. Both these sites are convenient but generally considered less accurate and hence not recommended. [8]

For measuring the rectal temperature, the thermometer is inserted through the anus into the rectum after applying a lubricant. This method is very inconvenient, but since it measures the internal measurement, it is very reliable. It is usually considered the "gold standard" method of recording temperature. Gut temperature, measured with an ingested pill, also gives readings close to the rectal temperature. Besides the site, the time of day is an essential factor leading to variability in the temperature record, secondary to the circadian rhythm. The inability to consider this physiological diurnal variation of temperature can lead to the wrong conclusion that an individual's temperature suggests a disease state when it is a normal temperature at that time of day. There is also a variation of the body temperature in a regularly cycling female, referred to as the "circamensal" rhythm. Understanding of this rhythm is paramount in teaching patients, trying to conceive about the fertile period of the cycle. Besides the change with diurnal variation and menstrual variation, a person's relative physical fitness and age can affect the degree of temperature change during a day. Studies show that younger patients and fitter record larger temperature amplitudes, while older and less fit people record lesser amplitude changes. [9]  Some studies have demonstrated a seasonal variation in body temperature; we need more research in this regard to reach a definitive conclusion. [9]

The most common sites of measuring the peripheral pulses are the radial pulse, ulnar pulse, brachial pulse in the upper extremity, and the posterior tibialis or the dorsalis pedis pulse as well as the femoral pulse in the lower extremity. Clinicians measure the carotid pulse in the neck. In day-to-day practice, the radial pulse is the most frequently used site for checking the peripheral pulse, where the pulse is palpated on the radial aspect of the forearm, just proximal to the wrist joint. Parameters for assessment of pulse include its rate, rhythm, volume, amplitude, and rate of increase, besides its symmetry The rate of the pulse is significant to measure for assessing the physiological and pathological processes affecting the body. The normal range used in an adult is between 60 to 100 beats/minute with rates above 100 beats/minute and rates below 60 beats per minute, referred to as tachycardia and bradycardia, respectively. The age-specific heart rate given for the pediatric age range appears in table -2.

Assessing whether the rhythm of the pulse is regular or irregular is essential. The pulse could be regular, irregular, or irregularly irregular. Changes in the rate of the pulse, along with changes in respiration are called sinus arrhythmia. In sinus arrhythmia, the pulse rate becomes faster during inspiration and slows down during expiration. Irregularly irregular pattern is more commonly indicative of processes like atrial flutter or atrial fibrillation. We should also be checking for the radial and the femoral pulse simultaneously. If there is any delay between the pulses, it could indicate conditions like the coarctation of the aorta. Assessing the volume of the pulse is equally essential. A low volume pulse could be indicative of inadequate tissue perfusion; this can be a crucial indicator of indirect prediction of the systolic blood pressure of the patient. If we can palpate the radial pulse, the systolic blood pressure is generally more than 80 mmHg. If we can palpate the femoral pulse, the systolic blood pressure is more than 70 mmHg, and if we can palpate the carotid pulse, the systolic blood pressure is more than 60 mmHg. [10]  Checking for symmetry of the pulses is important as asymmetrical pulses could be seen in conditions like aortic dissection, aortic coarctation, Takayasu arteritis, and subclavian steal syndrome. Besides the above-stated parameters, amplitude and rate of increase is also an important consideration. Low amplitude and low rate of increase could be seen in conditions like aortic stenosis, besides weak perfusion states. High amplitude and rapid rise can be indicative of conditions like aortic regurgitation, mitral regurgitation, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

Respiratory Rate

The respiratory rate is the number of breaths per minute. The normal breathing rate is about 12 to 20 breaths per minute in an average adult. In the pediatric age group, it is defined by the particular age group. Parameters important here again include rate, depth of breathing, and pattern of breathing. Rates higher or lower than expected are termed as tachypnea and bradypnea, respectively. Tachypnea is described as a respiratory rate of more than 20 breaths per minute that could occur in physiological conditions like exercise, emotional changes, or pregnancy. Pathological conditions like pain, pneumonia, pulmonary embolism, asthma, foreign body aspiration, anxiety conditions, sepsis, carbon monoxide poisoning, and diabetic ketoacidosis can also present with tachypnea. Bradypnea described as ventilation less than 12 breaths per minute can be seen due to worsening of any underlying respiratory condition leading to respiratory failure or due to usage of central nervous system depressants like alcohol, narcotics, benzodiazepines, or metabolic derangements. Apnea is the complete cessation of airflow to the lungs for a total of 15 seconds. It appears in cardiopulmonary arrests, airway obstructions, the overdose of narcotics, and benzodiazepines.

The depth of breathing is also a crucial parameter. Hyperpnea is described as an increased depth of breathing and is seen during exercise and in anxiety states, lung infections, and congestive heart failure. Hyperventilation, on the other hand, is described as both increased in the rate and depth of breathing and can again be seen in anxiety states like anxiety or due to exercise but is also seen in pathological conditions like diabetic ketoacidosis or lactic acidosis. The term hypoventilation describes the decreased rate and depth of ventilation. This condition results from excessive sedation, metabolic alkalosis, and in instances of obesity hypoventilation syndrome.

The pattern of breathing also gets affected in various conditions and indicates the underlying pathology. Biot respiration is a condition where there are periods of increased rate and depth of breathing, followed by periods of no breathing or apnea. These can vary in length of time. This pattern is suggestive of raised intracranial pressure as in space-occupying lesions of the skull or conditions like meningitis. Cheyne-Stokes respiration is a peculiar pattern of breathing where there is an increase in the depth of ventilation followed by periods of no breathing or apnea. This presentation occurs in conditions of raised intracranial pressure but is also seen with excessive usage of sedatives and worsening congestive heart failure. Kussmaul breathing refers to the increased depth of ventilation, although the rate remains regular. This presentation is in patients with renal failure and diabetic ketoacidosis. Orthopnea refers to difficulty in respiration occurring on lying horizontal but gets better when the patient sits up or stands It is seen characteristically in congestive heart failure. Paradoxical ventilation refers to the inward movement of the abdominal or chest wall during inspiration, and outward movement during expiration, which is seen in cases of diaphragmatic paralysis, muscle fatigue, and trauma to the chest wall.

Blood Pressure  

Blood pressure is an essential vital sign to comprehend the hemodynamic condition of the patient. Unfortunately, though, there are a lot of inter-person variabilities when measuring it. Many times, the basic measurement techniques are not followed and lead to erroneous results.

All healthcare providers should be aware of making sure all the essential pre-requisites are met before checking the blood pressure of the patient. The patient should not have taken any caffeinated drink at least one hour before the testing and should not have smoked any nicotine products at least 15 minutes before checking the pressure. They should have emptied their bladder before checking the blood pressure. Full bladder adds 10 mmHg to the pressure readings. It is advisable to have the patient be seated for at least five minutes before checking their blood pressure. This step takes care of or at least minimizes the higher readings that could have occurred secondary to rushing in for the clinic appointment. The providers should not be having a conversation with the patient while checking his blood pressure. Talking or active listening adds 10 mmHg to the pressure readings. The patient’s back and feet should be supported, and their legs should be uncrossed. Unsupported back and feet add 6 mmHg to the pressure readings. Crossed legs add 2 to 4 mmHg to the pressure readings. The arm should be supported at the heart level. Unsupported arm leads to 10 mmHg to the pressure readings. The patient’s blood pressure should get checked in each arm, and in younger patients, it should be tested in an upper and lower extremity to rule out the coarctation of the aorta. Using the correct cuff size is very important. Smaller cuff sizes give falsely high, and larger cuff sizes give a falsely lower blood pressure reading. [11]

  • Nursing, Allied Health, and Interprofessional Team Interventions

Variability of Vital Signs in the Geriatric Age Group

Since vital signs are an indication of the changes in physiological processes, they tend to change with age. With age, core body temperature tends to be lower, and the ability of the body to change with different kinds of stressors becomes minimized. Even subtle variation from the core body temperature can be a significant finding as fever in an older patient often indicates a more severe infection and is associated with increased rates of life-threatening consequences. [12]

There can be a decrease in response to changes in the oxygen and carbon dioxide at the molecular level along with anatomical changes resulting due to stiffness of muscles and compliance of the chest wall. Respiratory rate sometimes might be the most neglected of the vital signs reported in hospitalized patients but is more sensitive than other vital signs in picking up a critically ill patient. [13]

The aging blood vessels also lead to higher arterial stiffness, leading to higher systolic blood pressure and increased pulse pressure. There is also the issue of orthostatic hypotension due to decreased autonomic responsiveness. This response becomes exaggerated with the use of polypharmacy and reduced fluid intake. Thus, it is imperative to check orthostatic vitals in this population. Resting heart rate, in contrast, is often observed to increase with age due to deconditioning and autonomic dysregulation. [14]

Limitations of Vital Signs

Accurately measuring vital signs is a clinical skill that needs time and practice to refine. A review of literature is abundant about the inter-observer variability observed and reported secondary to lack of this skill. Clinicians should be wary of this and always re-check the vital signs themselves if there is a profound or unexpected change. Clinics and organizations should continuously strive to check and educate their nursing and ancillary staff to sharpen these skills.

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VItal Sign Tables Table 1: Types of Digital Thermometers for Use by Age 6 Table 2: Normal Heart Rate (beats/minute) as per the Pediatric Advanced Life Support (PALS) Guidelines. Table 3: Normal Respiratory Rate (Beats/Minute) as per the Pediatric Advanced (more...)

Vital Signs Table 5: Acceptable Blood Pressure Dimensions for Various arm sizes. Contributed by Amit Sapra, MD

Vital Signs Table 6: BP targets by different organizations Contributed by Amit Sapra, MD

Vital Signs Table 7: Normal Blood Pressure as per the Pediatric Advanced Life Support (PALS) Guidelines. Contributed by Amit Sapra, MD

Disclosure: Amit Sapra declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.

Disclosure: Ahmad Malik declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.

Disclosure: Priyanka Bhandari declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.

This book is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ), which permits others to distribute the work, provided that the article is not altered or used commercially. You are not required to obtain permission to distribute this article, provided that you credit the author and journal.

  • Cite this Page Sapra A, Malik A, Bhandari P. Vital Sign Assessment. [Updated 2023 May 1]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-.

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statistics

Marriage licenses, recent births and more: Erie County vital statistics Feb. 26

assignment on vital statistics

Find additional local data ― real estate reports, weather history, power outages, gas prices and more ― at  data.goerie.com .

Marriage licenses issued Feb. 12 - 16 in Erie County

Brown , Nathan Daniel, 28, 2329 W. 32nd St.; Quinn , Abigail Marie, 28, 2329 W. 32nd St.

Cuevas , Jose Manuel, 41, 833 E. 25th St.; Moore , Ezra Tatyana Renea, 46, 833 E. 25th St.

Daurora , Anthony Robert, 46, 1814 High St.; Boyd , Angela Coleen, 46, 1814 High St.

Ditzel , Hunter Daniel, 26, 640 Young Road Apt. 4; Hilton , Tara Eithne, 23, 640 Young Road Apt. 4

Duplain , Robert Thomas, 44, 637 Young Road; Orlando , Leslie Diane, 40, 637 Young Road

Francis , Christopher Jay, 29, 1023 W. 4th St.; Watkins , Abby Nicole, 30, 1023 W. 4th St.

Garnica , Jorse Jose Jr., 23, 638 E. 15th St.; Womack , Jennifer Ashlyn, 23, 638 E. 15th St.

Giles , Christopher Lee Jr., 27, 46 Miles St., Union City; Schenk , Marissa Marie, 28, 46 Miles St., Union City

Kaltenbach , Benjamin Thomas, 24, 12250 Route 6 Lot 23, Corry; Bailey , Jade Marie, 23, 12250 Route 6 Lot 23, Corry

Klisavage , Allan Patrick, 43, 2911 Summerville Road; Krasovec , Melanie, 43, 2911 Summerville Road

Knouse , Bruce Brandon, 32, 6766 Alan Drive, Fairview; Blackford , Sophia Danielle, 26, 6766 Alan Drive, Fairview

Marynych , Serhii, 29, 4119 Crestmont Ave.; Myrhorodska , Khrystyna, 23, 4119 Crestmont Ave.

Mosley , Joshua Ryan, 33, 44 E. Congress St., Corry; Barksdale , Deyanna Phahtema, 31, 44 E. Congress St., Corry

Northrop , Jason Philip, 46, 5343 Middle Drive; Strange, Roxanne Marie, 43, 5343 Middle Drive

Santiago , Manning Jonathan Manuel, 28, 1278 E. 34th St.; Balinski , Rebecca Lee, 26, 1278 E. 34th St.

Recent Births in Erie County

A girl to Addya Chappell , Erie

A girl to Leigha Knoll and Michael Knoll , Edinboro

A girl to Kayla Koree Barnett and Jeremiah Jones , Erie

A boy to Amanda Pochedley and Adam Pochedley of Conneaut, OH

A boy to Aleesa Biggie , Erie

A boy to Angelica Mazur and Colin Mazur , Erie

A boy to Burnette Juliano , Erie

A boy to Madison Bezon and Zachary Bezon , Warren

A boy to Emily Harvey and Zachary Harvey , Erie

A boy to Jordan Torf and Daniel Torf , Erie

A boy to Victoria Olson and Corrie Olson , Millcreek

A boy to Lita Egloff and Noah Egloff , Erie

A boy to Shyann Foust , Conneaut Lake

A girl to Briana Roberts and Mark Erickson , Erie

A girl to Ashley Chismar , Harbor Creek

A girl to Lila Mangar and Padam Mangar , Erie

A boy to Karalyn Snider , Millcreek

A girl to Nina McCullum , Erie

A girl to Sunitha E darapalli and Vinay Perisarla , Erie

A boy to Samantha Trapp and Robert Trapp , Cranesville

A girl to Dearra Horne , Erie

A girl to Kayla Jones and Nicholas J ones , Meadville

A girl to Samantha Gamboa and Alejandro Gamboa , Millcreek

A boy to Rylie Leicht and Zackary Leicht , Franklin Township

A girl to Kelly White and Ethan White , Edinboro

A boy to Shaquioa Crosby , Erie

A girl to Caitlin Sheldon and Philip Sheldon , Erie

U.S. Federal Court Bankruptcy

Carter , Michael P. And Jayelynn D. 95 Waterford St., Union City 24-10067-Jcm 7-Feb-24 7.

Chapman , Jonathan W. And Mary F. 4926 King Arthur Drive, 24-10065-Jcm 7-Feb-24 13.

Clark , David Isiah 2836 Bulgandy Drive, 24-10061-Jcm 6-Feb-24 13.

Gustafson , Jason Paul 5828 Georgetown Drive, 24-10068-Jcm 9-Feb-24 13.

Lyons , Caleb M. 3917 Davison Ave., 24-10070-Jcm 9-Feb-24 7.

Vital Statistics

Marriage licenses.

Cambree Irene Redinger, 19, Battle Ground, and Sam Patrick Tanninen, 20, Battle Ground.

Donald Koleci, 32, Vancouver, and Aurela Llojko, 29, Vancouver.

Erin D. Simpson, 50, Vancouver, and Christine Lee Allen, 54, Vancouver.

Katlyn Renee Patterson, 31, Battle Ground, and Isaac Peter Silliman, 26, Battle Ground.

Kent Allen Boden, 57, Camas, and Jillmarie Lynn Holscher, 58, Camas.

Kevin Alberto Manjarrez Villarreal, 29, Vancouver, and Kelly Marrufo, 27, Vancouver.

Mark Makidon, 19, Vancouver, and Dariia Serhieieva, 18, Vancouver.

Meghan Renae Hoch-Jorgensen, 43, Vancouver, and Stephen Neal Torres Jr., 44, Vancouver.

Mitchell Howard Cohen, 63, Vancouver, and Liese Michelle Heinz, 60, Vancouver.

Noelle Kristine Vinson, 37, Vancouver, and Kelly Brent Fowles, 40, Vancouver.

Oltion Koleci, 38, Vancouver, and Etleva Lala, 26, Vancouver.

Tiina Hannele Wirtanen, 19, Longview, and Ricky Dallas McClung, 20, Longview.

Victor Reynaga, 27, Vancouver, and Sonia Diaz Hernandez, 24, Vancouver.

Marriage Dissolutions

DECREES GRANTED

Champ and Alison Cook. Respondent’s name changed to Alison Brooke Byars.

Ciara Jaquelyn and Antonio Jose Garibay.

Craig and Jana Rochelle Huckabay. Respondent’s name changed to Jana Rochelle Danley.

Daniel Louis and Teresa Kay Harte.

Diana V. and Lev Tishenko.

Jordan Stinson and Erick Carl Simpson.

Kathleen Olivia and Nathan Francis Zdunich. Petitioner’s name changed to Kathleen Olivia Brock.

Maelani Lynn and Sonny G. Castro. Petitioner’s name changed to Maelani Lynn Asuncion.

Samantha Eatriz-Avitabile and Dominic Michael Avitabile.

Tracy Lynn Murray and Wayne Franklin Murray Jr.

DECREES OF LEGAL SEPARATION

Jessica M. and Jason A. Trickett.

Court Sentencings

The Columbian’s policy is to publish all Clark County Superior Court felony sentencings, as provided by the Clark County Clerk’s Office. Addresses are provided by the courts and may have changed by the time of sentencing.

Cale Hunter Byers, 28, no address listed, 35 days, bomb threats.

Nicholas Clifton Jones, 36, 7101 N.E. 109th St. Unit 102, 90 days, second-degree burglary and second-degree vehicle theft.

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