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Multiplication Tables Online practice

On this page, you can practice any combination of the multiplication tables — very helpful for students in elementary and middle school. You can practice any single times table (such as multiplication by 9), or several tables (such as tables of 2 and 5), or all of them.

You can choose timed or untimed practice, the number of practice problems, and which exact times tables you'd like to work on.

  • Multiplication Matching Game
  • Math Mammoth Multiplication 1 — a self-teaching worktext helping you learn all the multiplication tables
  • Learn and Master the Times Tables! — an interactive course at TinyTap, based on my book Multiplication 1 .
  • Mathy's Berry Picking Game
  • Structured drill videos for the multiplication tables

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Math Mammoth Multiplication 1

A self-teaching worktext that covers the concept of multiplication from various angles, word problems, a guide for structural drilling, and a complete study of all 12 multiplication tables.

Available both as a download and as a printed copy .

PDF download USD $5.60

→ Learn more and see the free samples!

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Beastly lesson.

If you have a minute, check out this short & lighthearted video about our PETS. (It's kind of silly, yet has an important message for all of us kids and parents.)

Sincerely, Maria

P.S. It does briefly mention God in one spot.

Learn the Periodic Table of elements with games!

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Here’s the Best Study Routine (Day & Night with Sample Schedule)

Let’s face it: your search history is probably filled with queries like “best study techniques” or “how to focus better.” Most of what you find is either too generic or not tailored to your learning style. We’re here to offer something more substantial — a scientifically-backed guide to crafting the best study routine. Let’s dive in!

Looking for more study and focus tips? Subscribe to The Flow — our free quick, snappy, value-packed focus and recharge newsletter:

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Table of Contents

How to Make a Study Routine

  • Sample Study Routines (Day & Night)

Best Techniques for Your Study Routine

Creating an effective study routine isn’t a one-size-fits-all approach. Here’s a breakdown to help you tailor a study routine to your unique schedule and academic needs.

  • Evaluate your schedule: Before building your study routine, closely examine your daily schedule and commitments. When do your classes start and end? Do you have any extracurricular activities? Do you have to work after class? By understanding your daily schedule, you can create a more personalized study routine.
  • Set realistic goals: Have you ever told yourself that you’d finish reading 10 chapters of your textbook in a single all-nighter? You’re not alone in falling into this lie countless times. That’s why breaking down larger academic goals into smaller, achievable tasks is a must. You need to be able to set specific and realistic goals for each study session.
  • Plan study blocks: After being honest with yourself about your goals, decide how many hours a day you would dedicate to studying. It could be as short or as long as you want — as long as you guarantee that you can maximize your study time. The quality of your learning is more important than the quantity or amount of hours you put into studying!
  • Create a distraction-free environment: Spending 10 hours studying is useless if it’s broken up scrolling through social media. Because of this, it is important to minimize distractions during your study sessions. You can do this by finding a quiet, clutter-free space where you can concentrate fully. Turn off your phone and use website blockers like Cold Turkey to maximize productivity.
  • Organize your study materials : A well-organized set of resources can save you time and stress. Check out our post on the best Notion templates for students for some inspiration.
  • Prioritize sleep and schedule: Studying is important, but so is your physical health! Your cognitive abilities are directly linked to your wellbeing. Make sure you get enough sleep and fit in some physical activity to keep your mind sharp.
  • Stay consistent: If you start committing to your planned study schedule as much as possible, it’ll eventually become second nature and make it quicker to dive into a state of deep focus every time.
  • Be flexible: Life happens, and things don’t always go as planned — and that’s okay! It just means that your routine might need adjustments from time to time. Don’t be too hard on yourself, and learn to adapt to changes in your schedule. If you accidentally missed a study session, relax and just pick up where you left off.

Sample Study Routines to Follow

Morning & afternoon study routine.

If you’re an early riser who enjoys soaking up the morning sun, a daytime study routine is perfect for you. Studying in the morning has the added advantage of being in line with our natural body clock since alertness is at its peak in the morning and early afternoon.

Here’s a sample schedule that you can follow:

  • 5:30 AM – 6:15 AM: Rise and shine! Kick-start your day with a healthy breakfast. You can also try to engage in a short meditation or stretching session to feel more awake.
  • 6:15 AM – 6:30 AM: Grab a pen and paper or your digital notepad so that you can set your study goals for the day and specific tasks you need to accomplish.
  • 6:30 AM – 7:30 AM: Time to exercise! You can do any form of physical activity, from light cardio (like walking) to lifting weights in the gym.
  • 7:30 AM – 9:30 AM: First study block (or attend your classes). Start your timer: 25-minute study with a 5-minute break, repeat 4x, then a long break — or use a timer that automatically does it for you .
  • 9:30 AM – 10:00 AM: Take an extended break. Stretch, grab a snack, and breathe some fresh air. Look away from your screen to minimize eye strain.
  • 10:00 AM – 12:00 PM: Second study block (or attend your classes). Start your timer and finish another full Pomodoro session (25-minute study with a 5-minute break, repeat 4x, then a long break).
  • 12:00 PM – 1:00 PM: Lunch break! This is the perfect time to refuel your body with nourishing food and prep for your afternoon study session.
  • 1:00 PM – 3:00 PM : Third study block (or attend your classes). Don’t forget to use techniques like active recall and mind mapping (more on that below) to reinforce the concepts you learned in the morning.
  • 3:00 PM – 3:30 PM: Time for another extended break. Why not walk to a nearby café for a change of scenery, or go to a virtual café ?
  • 3:30 PM – 5:30 PM: Final study block (or attend your classes). Use this final session to consolidate your learning and list areas requiring further attention.
  • 5:30 PM – 9:30 PM: Free time! Reward yourself by unwinding and relaxing after a productive day. Pursue your hobbies, spend time with friends and family, or watch a movie .
  • 9:30 PM – 5:30 AM: Get a good night’s rest to feel fully recharged the next day!

Nighttime Study Routine

Not everyone is made for a daytime study routine. You might just feel more productive at night, or maybe you’ve got daytime commitments like a job or other extracurricular activities. If you’re a night owl and not an early riser, give this sample nighttime study routine a whirl:

  • 5:00 PM – 6:00 PM: Boost your energy with a late-day workout. This will help set your mood for your upcoming study session.
  • 6:00 PM – 6:15 PM: Grab a pen and paper or your digital notepad to set your study goals for the night and specific tasks you need to accomplish.
  • 6:15 PM – 8:15 PM: First study block. Start your timer and finish a full Pomodoro session (25-minute study with a 5-minute break, repeat 4x, then a long break). Try starting with lighter subjects first to ease yourself into the night.
  • 8:15 PM – 9:00 PM: Dinner time! Have a nutritious meal to fuel yourself for the long night ahead.
  • 9:00 PM – 11:00 PM: Second study block. Start your timer and finish another full Pomodoro session.
  • 11:00 PM – 11:30 PM: Take an extended break. You can even take a power nap if you want to. Just make sure to set an alarm to avoid oversleeping!
  • 11:30 PM – 1:30 AM: Third study block. Start your timer and finish another full Pomodoro session. Try switching to a different subject to keep things interesting!
  • 1:30 AM – 2:00 AM: Relax and recharge for a while. Don’t forget to stay hydrated and have a light snack if you want to.
  • 2:00 AM – 4:00 AM: Final study block. Review the material you studied during the whole night. Why not try to use the Feynman technique to test your learning? (check it out below)
  • 4:00 AM – 12:00 PM: Go to bed and make sure you get at least 7-8 hours of sleep. Make sure to turn off your devices and create a relaxing bedtime routine.
  • 12:00 PM – 1:00 PM: Time to wake up! Sustain your body’s needs by eating your first meal of the day.
  • 1:00 PM – 5:00 PM: Free time! Ideally, you should engage in activities to help unwind and clear your mind. You should also eat your second meal of the day during this period.

With a general framework in place and some sample routines to try, let’s explore some scientifically-backed techniques to enhance your study routine.

Pomodoro Technique

The Pomodoro Technique is a time-tested and community favorite strategy that breaks your study time into 25 minute intervals, followed by short breaks. It helps your brain stay focused and reduces fatigue.

Luckily, you can use dedicated free Pomodoro-focused tools like Flocus to automatically switch between study and break periods instead of winding up a manual timer for each interval.

Don’t know what to do during your study breaks? Here are some Pomodoro break ideas . Also, if you think that the Pomodoro technique isn’t for you, we’ve rounded up some of the best Pomodoro alternatives to try.

Active Recall

Active recall beats passive learning hands down. Instead of simply reading through material, this method challenges you to recall information from memory. In fact, passive learning is considered one of the least effective study methods. Active recall may be challenging to get used to at first, but the amount of retained information you’ll get will make the process worth it! When it comes to active recall, nothing beats the use of flashcards — whether handwritten or created using digital apps such as Anki .

Mind Mapping

If you are visual person, then this strategy is perfect for you. Mind mapping is a visual technique that helps you organize and understand complex information. Basically, it’s creating a map of your thoughts! Start with a central idea and then let it branch out by adding related subtopics and ideas. Feel free to add colors and images to make it even more memorable and effective. Just the process of creating the mind map itself already helps you solidify your understanding of the topic.

Feynman Technique

This technique, inspired by the learning approach of renowned physicist Richard Feynman, involves breaking down complex ideas into simpler terms — as if you’re teaching a concept to a total beginner. While doing this, you’ll probably identify gaps in your knowledge and better understand the topic. Generally, if you can’t explain it simply, you don’t understand it well enough.

Ultimately, the best study routine is the one that fits your unique lifestyle. Experiment with different schedules and see what works best for you. Whether you’re an early riser or a night owl, consistency and dedication are the keys to academic success. Take time to craft your best study routine, and you’ll be acing your exams in no time!

What is the best study routine and schedule for you? Any other study techniques you want to share? Let us know in the comments below!

Gridfiti is supported by its audience – when you buy something using the retail links in our posts, we may earn a small commission at no additional cost to you.  Read more  about our affiliate disclaimer.

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8 times table

The 5-step plan.

  • 8 x 10 = 80
  • 8 x 11 = 88
  • 8 x 12 = 96

Step 1a: View, read aloud and repeat

Step 1a is to get familiar with the table, so view, read aloud and repeat. If you think you remember them it's time to test your knowledge at step 1b.

Step 1b: In sequence

Fill in your answers. Once you have entered all the answers, click on 'Check' to see whether you have got them all right! If you got all the answers right, practice the 8 times table shuffled in random order.

Step 2: Drag the right answer to the question

Step 3: shuffled.

Practice the 8 times table shuffled. Fill in all answers and press 'check' to see how many you got right.

Step 4: Multiple choice

Try to answer all the 15 questions right!

Step 5: Tables Diploma

Answer all the 24 questions right to get the diploma!

Too late...

Name on the diploma:, view your mistakes.

These games give the possibility to repeat the questions and improve the knowledge of the 8 multiplication table. Enjoy the 8 times table games!

study table game

Memory times table game

Try to find as fast a possible the matching questions and answers!

8 times table memory

8 times table chart.

This is where you can practice your 8 times table. You can practice the 8 times table in sequence and once you have got the hang of that you can make it a bit harder by practicing the sums up in random order. If you want to practice the 8 times table against the clock, you can of course take the speed test. If you want to practice at your leisure, we suggest you print out the 8 times table worksheet and practice with that. The eight times table is the multiplication table of 8 where we get the product of multiplying 8 with whole numbers. It is helpful to know the multiples of 8. Below you will see the 8 multiplication chart.

8 times table chart

Frequently asked questions

Print 8 times table worksheet.

Click on the worksheet to view it in a larger format. For the 8 times table worksheet you can choose between three different sorts of exercise. In the first exercise you have to draw a line from the sum to the correct answer. In the second exercise you have to enter the missing number to complete the sum correctly. In the third exercise you have to answer the sums which have been shuffled.

study table game

Learn the other times tables as well:

study table game

Description of the 8 times table

This is where you can practice the 8 times table by entering all the answers and then checking how many you got right. There are various ways the tables can be practiced. You are now on the 8 times table page where multiplication calculations can be practiced in sequence. Once you have mastered the table in sequence you can practice the sums in random order. You can learn the tables on a PC, tablet, iPad or mobile phone. You learn this table in year 4 maths.

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Study table & computer table

Whether you’re working from home, unlocking new game levels or putting in hours at the office, study tables and computer tables are by your side. We offer wide range of computer desks - from desks with adjustable heights to standing desks, you will surely find the perfect one for your needs. Complete your workspace with how to build a professional office and our buying guide .

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Desks for work, desks for play

Looking for a desk for your gaming zone? Or an office-approved one that you can use sitting and standing so you feel and work better? Whatever you need, you can find it in the IKEA range.

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To think of all the journeys, travelled or imagined, that people have embarked on sitting at a desk! Find one that works for you, and take it from there.

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Study Table Guide: Ideal, Practical & Convenient Concepts

Study Table | Wall-Mounted | Two Study Table | Computer | Summing-Up | Faqs

When it comes to studying, everyone has their own unique needs. That’s why there are so many different study table designs out there. 

Ideal Study Table

Choosing the right study table can make studying a breeze. In this article, we’ll explore different types of study tables and which one is perfect for you.

We’ll also discuss the factors that must be considered when choosing a study table, like your seating needs, table size, and surface type. 

So whether you’re looking for a traditional desk chair or a more comfortable couch, we’ve got the perfect guide!

How to Choose a Bedroom Study Table?

Choosing the right study table design for your bedroom can be daunting. Depending on the room’s layout and furniture, you may need a small or large table. Here are some tips to help you choose the perfect table for your needs:

1. Consider the purpose of the table. A taller table with more storage space is ideal if it primarily serves as a desk for working. If the table will be used as a bedside table to hold books, lamps, and other objects, a shorter table with fewer storage spaces is better.

2. Consider your bedroom’s style. A classic contemporary bedroom might prefer a sleek modern design like those in high-end hotels or boutiques. A traditional Victorian bedroom might prefer an antique look with more ornate tables and chairs. The style of your bedroom is just one factor to consider; other factors include the size of your bed and any other furniture in the room.

3. Decide how much space you have available in your bedroom. Tables that are too small will not be able to accommodate all of your belongings, while tables that are too large will take up too much space in the room. It is essential to find a table that

1. A Study Table with Bookshelves

An attractive home furnishing option is a desk that doubles as a bookcase. This kind of table is versatile enough to serve as a desk, a dining table , or a relaxing place.

A bookshelf-style study table is space-efficient, flexible, and simple to assemble. Many different styles of bookcases are available, so you can choose one that works with your decor.

Consider one of the companies below if you want to buy a study table with a bookshelf design that is both fashionable and practical. Tables from these manufacturers are both stylish and functional.

2. Student vs. adult study tables

A good study table should be comfortable and have plenty of storage space for students. It should also be easy to move around so you can adjust it to your needs.

For adults, a study table should be more functional. It should be sturdy enough to support your weight and have a wide enough surface so that you can work without pain. It should also have storage space to keep your materials organised.

3. Tips for choosing the right study table

A study table is an essential part of any student’s home. It allows them to do their homework, study for classes, and more. However, choosing the right study table can be difficult.

Here are some tips for finding the perfect study table for your needs:

  • First, consider your needs. Do you want a small or large table? Do you want a stationary or portable table?
  • Second, consider your lifestyle. Are you a light sleeper? Do you have children who might be able to damage the furniture? If so, you might need to choose a more durable table.
  • Third, consider your budget. How much money are you willing to spend? Do you want unique features (like a space for your laptop)?
  • Finally, think about how you will use the table. Will you mainly use it in your bedroom or office? If so, what kind of design will work best in each environment?

4. An Every-Room Corner Study Table

Corner Study Table

Corner study tables are perfect for use in any room of your house. They’re versatile and can be used for a variety of purposes. There are a few things to consider when designing a corner study table.

  • First, you’ll want to decide what surface you’ll use it on. A corner study table is a perfect solution if you have a desk too small for a regular table.
  • You can also use a corner study table as an extra seat in your living room or bedroom. It’s also great for holding plants or magazines. Just make sure that the table is large enough to accommodate your needs.
  • Another thing to consider when designing a corner study table is the layout of your furniture. You don’t want everything in the same row or column. Otherwise, accessing whatever you’re trying to find will be challenging. Instead, spread out your furniture, so it’s easier to get to.
  •  Finally, keep in mind the size and shape of your space when designing your corner study table. You don’t want it to take up too much space or be too bulky. Find the perfect design that fits your needs and makes your home more comfortable and convenient.

5. Wardrobes with study tables

Having a study table that is convenient and comfortable is essential for students who are trying to get the most out of their education. The table should be big enough for everyone to sit at it and have plenty of storage so students can store their textbooks and other materials.

There are a variety of study table designs that you can choose from. Some tables have built-in wardrobes, while others simply have a flat surface that can be used as a desk. Whatever design you choose, make sure it is comfortable and convenient.

6. L-shaped study table

If you’re looking for a comfortable and convenient study spot, you’ll want to consider using an L-shape study table. An L-shaped study table is an excellent option because it allows you to sit in two different positions. This makes it easier for you to get the most out of your studying sessions.

You can also use an L-shape study table to work on your laptop or desktop. This type of table is great because it has plenty of space to store your belongings and equipment. Plus, the design ensures you won’t have trouble seeing what you’re working on.

If you’re looking for a stylish and practical study table, don’t hesitate to consider an L-shape study table design.

How to choose a small wall-mounted folding study table?

When choosing a wall-mounted folding study table for your small space, there are a few things to consider.

  • First and foremost, the size of the table.
  • Secondly, the type of table you wish to purchase.
  • Thirdly, the accessories that will go with your table.
  • Fourthly, whether or not you want a stationary or movable study table.
  • Finally, where do you plan on placing your table in your room?

First and foremost, the size of the table is essential. A table will take up too much space, while a table will not be able to hold all of your supplies comfortably. When choosing a tabletop size, think about how many textbooks or notebooks you plan on using at once.

Additionally, if you have other electronic devices or objects that need surface area (such as a laptop), be sure to factor this in. The tabletop should be big enough to fit everything without having to stack any books or papers on top of each other.

Two-Study-Table Designs

Two-Study-Table

Suppose you are looking for a study table that is both comfortable and convenient. In that case, you will want to consider some of the innovative designs available today.

  • One of the best study table designs is the double student table. This table is designed for use by two students simultaneously. It features two separate tables that are easily movable so that they can be placed anywhere in your room.
  • Another excellent option for a study table is the corner student table. This table is perfect for use in tight spaces or areas limited in size. It features a small footprint, so it can be easily stored when not in use.
  • If you want something that is both versatile and stylish, you should consider one of the modular study tables on the market. These tables are designed to fit into any space efficiently and can be customised to match your needs.

Whatever study table design you choose, make sure to take into account your convenience and comfort when making your decision. There is no better way to increase your productivity than by having a comfortable and convenient study area at your disposal.

Computer Study-tables

Many different study tables are available on the market, and finding the perfect one for your needs can be challenging. Whether you need a small table for sitting in front of your laptop or a larger table for spreadsheets and papers, here are some of the best study table designs for your convenience.

Small Study Table with Laptop Stand

This small study table has a laptop stand built in, so you can easily keep your laptop close at hand while you work. The table is also lightweight and easy to move so that you can set it up anywhere in your room.

Large Study Table with Storage

This design is perfect if you need a large table to spread your materials. The table has storage space underneath, so you can easily organise your materials. Plus, the table is large enough to accommodate most laptops and tablets.

Multi-Purpose Desk with Study Table

This desk has a study table built right into it so you can use it as a desk or a workspace. The table is also comfortable to sit on, so you can stay productive all day long.

Why Should You Invest in a Study Table?

A study table is one of the essential tools you can use when studying for exams. A study table makes it easier to stay organised and focused and can also help you get more out of your studying sessions. So, if you’re looking for the ideal study table design for your convenience, read on!

Learning is something that should be fun, not a chore. That’s why we’ve compiled a list of the best study table designs for your convenience. Whether studying in your dorm room, at home, or in class, these tables will make it easy and comfortable to focus on. 

From low-profile tables that blend seamlessly into your room’s décor to sleek, elevated designs that make you feel like a genius while you learn, we’ve got you covered. So scroll up and start learning!

1. What to decide while choosing a study table?

Study tables have come a long way in recent years. They now come in a variety of shapes and sizes, so it can be hard to decide which one is best for you.

  • The first thing to consider is what you will use the study table for. Will it be used primarily for studying? Or will it be used as a work desk as well? If it’s going to be used primarily for studying, you may want to choose a study table with a flat surface with no drawers or shelves. This will make it easier to focus on your studies.
  • If you plan on using the study table as a work desk, you may choose a study table with drawers or shelves. This will give you plenty of storage space for your materials and make it easier to find what you’re looking for.
  • Another thing to consider is how comfortable the table is. You don’t want to sit at an uncomfortable desk all day long. Make sure to test out the different types of tables before making your purchase.

Whatever study table design you choose, make sure to make it convenient for you!

2. How Do You Design a Small Desk?

A study table is an essential part of any student’s home office. It can be used for studying, working on homework, or simply enjoying a relaxing cup of tea or coffee.

Depending on your preferences, there are many different ways to decorate a study table. You can choose to feature beautiful natural materials, traditional furniture pieces, or even modern designs.

One of the most important things to consider when decorating a study table is its size. Make sure the table is big enough to work comfortably without stretching your arms. Also, ensure that the table is high enough, so you don’t have to stoop over it.

Finally, don’t forget to add some decorative elements to your study table. This will help to make it more functional and comfortable. Some examples of decorative elements include bookshelves, lamps, and plants.

3. How high should a study table be?

To make studying as comfortable as possible, you’ll want to find an ideal study table with the right height.

A study table that is too high will make it difficult to work at your desk, while a table that is too low will make it challenging to keep your posture correct.

To find the right height for your table, measure the height of your tallest chair and add an inch or two to that measurement. This will give you a starting point for finding the right height for your study table.

If you are using a laptop on your study table, adjust the laptop stand to be at the same height as your sitting position. This will help keep your back healthy and properly aligned while studying.

Apple Arcade for Apple Vision Pro takes players into a new dimension with 12 unique spatial games and more than 250 titles to enjoy with stunning clarity

A collage of artwork representing Wylde Flowers, Angry Birds, stitch., WHAT THE GOLF?, and Super Fruit Ninja.

Super Fruit Ninja by Halfbrick Studios

Synth Riders by Kluge Interactive

Wylde Flowers by Studio Drydock Pty Ltd

WHAT THE GOLF? by Triband

LEGO Builder’s Journey by LEGO

stitch. by Lykke Studios

Coming Soon for Apple Vision Pro

  • Alto’s Odyssey: The Lost City by Land & Sea/Snowman — Join Alto and his friends on an endless sandboarding journey to find The Lost City and unearth the secrets hidden within as Alto’s mysterious world intersects with the player’s room.
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A still from Spire Blast.

Experience Apple Arcade Favorites with a New Perspective

  • Apple Arcade is available for $6.99 (U.S.) per month with a one-month free trial. Customers who purchase a new iPhone, iPad, Mac, or Apple TV receive three months of Apple Arcade for free. 1
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  • Arcade Originals are playable across iPhone, iPad, Mac, Apple TV, and Apple Vision Pro. App Store Greats are available on iPhone, iPad, and Apple Vision Pro.
  • An Apple Arcade subscription gives a family of up to six unlimited access to all the games in its catalog.
  • Availability for the 200+ titles across devices varies based on hardware and software compatibility. Some content may not be available in all areas.

Text of this article

February 15, 2024

Apple Arcade opens up an extraordinary catalog of games for players to enjoy on Apple Vision Pro, a revolutionary new spatial computer that transforms how people work, collaborate, connect, relive memories, and enjoy entertainment. Spatial games built specifically for Arcade on Apple Vision Pro unlock amazing new gameplay opportunities by blending digital content with the physical world. visionOS delivers powerful spatial experiences with a brand-new three-dimensional user interface and input system controlled entirely by a user’s eyes, hands, and voice. Players are able to slice apples with their hands as their living room transforms into their very own dojo in Super Fruit Ninja, tee up the perfect shot as they move freely around a quirky golf course right in their home in WHAT THE GOLF?, escape into a mesmerizing audiovisual experience in Synth Riders , and so much more.

“This is just the beginning of a new era in gaming, with players being fully immersed in stunning game worlds and interacting with games in their physical environment in amazing new ways,” said Alex Rofman, Apple’s senior director of Apple Arcade. “We’re leading the way in offering players unique spatial games on Apple Arcade that are only possible on Apple Vision Pro, and we’re excited to bring even more magical spatial gaming experiences to our customers soon.”

“We’ve designed Game Room to provide the most authentic digital game night to date, with gaming experiences that are practically indistinguishable from their real-world counterparts,” said Tommy Palm, Resolution Games’ CEO and founder. “By reproducing classic gaming pieces that players can interact with in new ways, from playing cards to pawns, we’re excited to be able to showcase the incredible capability of Apple Vision Pro to deliver lifelike immersion in real-wold environments.”

Spatial games available now on Apple Arcade include Game Room, WHAT THE GOLF?, Cut the Rope 3, Jetpack Joyride 2, Patterned, Illustrated, Wylde Flowers, stitch., Synth Riders, LEGO Builder’s Journey, Bloons TD 6+, and Super Fruit Ninja.

Players are immersed in a new world of fruit-slicing fun as they cut up fruit with their hands, throw ninja stars, backhand bombs, and train in the powerful art of juice jitsu.

Turning the space around the player into a retro-futuristic world, this reimagined hit spatial rhythm game will have players catching notes with their hands, riding the rails, and dodging obstacles in the game’s brand-new audio-reactive spatial environment with dynamic visuals custom-built specifically for Apple Vision Pro.

In this cozy life and farming sim with a witchy twist, players can tend their garden and cast spells right in their living room, in addition to exploring the friendly town of Fairhaven and its charming voice-acted cast of characters.

A physics-based golf parody, this indie hit is fully designed for laughs in spatial gaming as players golf with horses, cars, houses, planets, and other extremely normal things. Mini-golf courses appear in the physical space, allowing for players to freely move around to tee up the perfect shot.

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“We’ve rebuilt our beloved rhythm game Synth Riders for Apple Vision Pro from the ground up to deliver an even more immersive experience,” said Arturo Perez, Kluge Interactive’s CEO. “For the first time, players will interact with the notes and rails with unique hand tracking and interactive effects that let them feel the music in a whole new way as they lose themselves in the ‘flow state’ of a perfect combination of movement, visuals, and music.”

Players on Apple Vision Pro can expect more great content, with exciting spatial games coming soon, including Alto’s Odyssey: The Lost City, Gibbon: Beyond the Trees, and Spire Blast. Players will soar above windswept dunes in a fantastical place far from home, dive into an immersive jungle with a family of gibbons, and collapse vibrant towers of all shapes and sizes that appear in their physical space in a fun physics-based puzzle game.

Players can also experience their favorite Arcade games designed for iPhone and iPad in an all-new way — 250+ titles available now to enjoy on the incredible Apple Vision Pro display, with no ads or in-app purchases. Hits like Sonic Dream Team , Sneaky Sasquatch , Disney Dreamlight Valley Arcade Edition , and TMNT: Splintered Fate come to life for players to enjoy on a screen as large as they want, with incredible audio and support for popular game controllers. New games and content updates are added monthly for players to find their next favorite titles.

Pricing and Availability

  • This offer is available to new subscribers only. One subscription covers one Family Sharing group. The offer is good for three months after eligible device activation. The plan automatically renews until canceled. Restrictions and other terms apply.
  • The Apple One free trial includes only services that are not currently used through a free trial or a subscription. The plan automatically renews after the trial until canceled. Restrictions and other terms apply.

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  • Open access
  • Published: 19 February 2024

Effects of game-based physical education program on enjoyment in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis

  • Weilong Mo 1 , 2 ,
  • Jamalsafri Bin Saibon 1 ,
  • Yaming LI 1 ,
  • Jiequan Li 3 &
  • Yanwu He 4  

BMC Public Health volume  24 , Article number:  517 ( 2024 ) Cite this article

347 Accesses

Metrics details

The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review to summarize and assess the advancements lately made on the enjoyable impacts of game-based physical education interventions on children and adolescents. Additionally, it attempted to identify the effects and variables influencing the enjoyable outcomes of children and adolescents’ engagement in physical education games, through meta-analysis.

This study involves a comprehensive search of different databases like Web of Science, PubMed, Embase, EBSCOhost, Cochrane, and Scopus. Specific criteria are established for the selection process to make sure the relevant literature included. The quality assessment of the included researches is conducted based on the guidelines outlined in the Cochrane 5.1 handbook. Review Manager 5.3 software is employed to synthesis the effect sizes. Additionally, bias is assessed using funnel plots, and to identify potential sources of heterogeneity, subgroup analyses are performed.

A total of 1907 academic papers, out of which 2 articles were identified via other data sources. The present study examined the impact of a pedagogical intervention involving physical education games on the enjoyment experienced by children and adolescents. The results indicated a significant positive effect (MD = 0.53, 95%CI:[0.27,0.79], P  < 0.05) of this intervention on enjoyment. Subgroup analyses further revealed that both boys (MD = 0.31, 95%CI:[0.13,0.50], P  < 0.05) and girls (MD = 0.28, 95%CI:[0.05,0.51], P  < 0.05) experienced increased pleasure compared to traditional physical education. Additionally, children under 12 years of age (MD = 0.41, 95%CI:[0.17,0.64], P  < 0.05) benefited from sessions lasting at least 30 minutes or more per session (MD = 0.40, 95%CI:[0.19,0.60], P  < 0.05), occurring 1 to 3 times per week (MD = 0.28, 95%CI:[0.16,0.40], P  < 0.05), and lasting for more than 3 weeks (MD = 0.81, 95%CI:[0.29,1.34], P  < 0.05). These findings suggest that the implementation of physical education games can be an effective approach to teaching this subject.

Conclusions

1) Interventions using physical games have been shown to yield beneficial outcomes in terms of enhancing the enjoyment experienced by children and adolescents. 2) The effectiveness of treatments aimed at promoting enjoyment among children and adolescents is influenced by several aspects, including gender, age, duration and frequency of physical activity, as well as the specific cycle of activity used.

Peer Review reports

Introduction

Enjoyment is a subjective experience with pleasant emotions, such as pleasure, like, and fun [ 1 ]. Children and adolescents are naturally motivated by enjoyable experiences during the learning process, which enhances their academic achievement, involvement and effort in learning [ 2 , 3 , 4 ], this, in turn, leads to more effective and long-lasting learning [ 5 , 6 ]. In contrast, falling enjoyment can diminish their interest and engagement. Therefore, the cultivation of enjoyable feelings in children and adolescents has a crucial role in enhancing educational achievements.

Studies proved that physical education has a beneficial influence on the psychological and physical health of children and adolescents [ 7 , 8 ], as well as on the prevention of disease problems [ 9 ]. The influence of physical education on the enjoyment of children and adolescents, particularly in relation to emotions, has clear benefits [ 10 ]. Physical education activities for children and adolescents not only have the power to enhance individual happiness, but also foster a positive team atmosphere and promote collaboration and socialization [ 11 ]. Thus, it is essential to explore the positive impact of these activities on enjoyment and mental health.

Compared with traditional physical education, physical education games have several advantages. The implementation of physical play interventions has the potential to facilitate the acquisition of knowledge and skills among children and adolescents [ 12 , 13 ], enabling them to get enjoyment from the process of learning. A combination of entertainment components into traditional physical education (PE) is effective in motivating non-athletic students to actively engage in PE lessons, which cannot be achieved through organized sports [ 14 ]. Liao et al. [ 15 ] further explain that games not only enhance students’ satisfaction with PE lessons, but also facilitate skill development, create a relaxed play environment, foster interpersonal interactions, and offer opportunities for cooperation and socialization.

Hence, the implementation of physical games teaching offers a new and innovative approach within the context of traditional physical education classes [ 16 ]. This approach to learning is not only pleasurable for students, but also meets their requirement for social and physical engagement in the educational process and, most notably, contributes to a key part in sustaining the involvement of children and adolescents in physical education and sports [ 17 ].

Through a comprehensive analysis of 16 academic studies, it has been noticed that further research is needed regarding the efficacy of applying physical education games to enhance enjoyment in children and adolescents. Since the majority of studies show a beneficial effect on enjoyment [ 1 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 ]. However, five studies remain uncertain about the impact of these games [ 14 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 ], and there is even a case where teaching with games seems to reduce students’ enjoyment [ 27 ]. Currently, there is not enough comprehensive analysis on how physical game teaching impacts the enjoyable feelings of children and adolescents, and also on the potential factors that may influence those effects (such as gender, age, and duration of the interventions).

The aim of this study was to explore the following topics with a meta-analysis: 1) whether teaching games in physical education has a beneficial influence on enjoyment experienced by children and adolescents, and 2) how other essential elements mitigate the influence of games teaching in physical education on enjoyment experienced by children and adolescents. Due to inconsistent findings from earlier research, there is no consensus on the link of physical games for enjoyment in children and adolescents; yet there is optimism that teaching physical play may have a favorable impact on enjoyment.

Search strategy and standards for selection

This research is conducted under the guidance of Cochrane Handbook for the Systematic Review of Interventions [ 31 ] and the PRISMA Statement Specification for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis [ 32 ].

This research explores six databases, namely Web of Science, PubMed, Embase, EBSCOhost, Scopus and Cochrane. PubMed is primarily adopted to identify medical terms (Mesh). The search period spans from the initiation of database collection until July 25, 2023. Both subject terms and the free word approach are included in the search. The following table consists of many columns. This study firstly focuses on the research object and then emphasizes the intervention strategy. In the third line, the result index is built by connecting the search words using the logical operator “or” inside each group of search terms. Additionally, the search phrases are linked by “or” between each set of search terms. Table  1 displays the whole search words used in the six databases.

Criteria for inclusion and exclusion

Research that meet the following requirements are selected for systematic evaluation: (1) the intervention modality is physical game teaching; (2) the subjects are children and adolescents (3–18 years old); (3) the outcome indicator is the inclusion of enjoyment related MeSH and Entry Terms; (4) the use of a control group; and (5) the articles are written in English.

Researches reach the following standards are omitted from systematic evaluation: (1) the intervention method is not physical game teaching; (2) the experimental subjects are infants, adults, animals, and specific populations (psychiatric patients), etc.; (3) the outcome indicator is the absence of pleasure-related subject terms and free words; (4) no control group is included; (5) the articles are written in other non-English languages; (6) review article; and (7) conference articles.

Screening process

Upload the relevant literature to Endnote (version X9) for organization. Following this, duplicate results are screened by two authors (MWL and LYM) independently. The screening process include reviewing titles, review articles, conference papers, and animal experiments. Read the abstracts to exclude articles that fail to meet such criteria as study subjects or interventions. Finally, read the full text of selected articles to exclude those that are inaccessible, non-English and does not provide end point indicators. The process involves an initial screening of eligible articles, a discussion of any discrepancy and reaching a consensus with the third author (LJQ). Ultimately, 16 articles are selected for the systematic analysis. Detailed information about these steps are presented in the PRISMA flowchart (refer to Fig.  1 ).

figure 1

Flowchart for inclusion and exclusion of studies

Extraction of data and quality evaluation

Three authors (MWL, LYM, and LJQ) extract data from eligible papers in an impartial manner. Any divergence is resolved through discussion until an agreement is reached. The extracted information is then placed in the publications respectively [ 1 ]. the extracted information primarily includes the name of the first author and the publication year [ 2 ]. the subjects’ features encompass the total sample size, age, and gender [ 3 ]. detailed data, like duration, frequency, and cycle, about the teaching process of physical education and sport games are included [ 4 ]. the intervention tool employed in the study is a questionnaire or scale designed to measure the degree of pleasure, satisfaction and motivation before and after physical education [ 5 ]. the intervention items utilized in the study are game items specifically employed for physical education [ 6 ]. the outcome indicators encompass various factors, including the level of pleasure, satisfaction, and motivation before and after physical education and sport activities. Pleasure may be defined as the state of experiencing gratification, enjoyment, satisfaction, delight, or fun [ 7 ]. the writers emphasize the importance of significant results.

The Cochrane 5.1 handbook is applied to assess the quality of bias. The evaluation includes one aspect, namely the random allocation procedure and the concealing of allocation schemes. In this research, the evaluation criteria are: 3) participant blinding and outcome assessment, 4) complete outcome data, 5) selective report findings, and 6) bias from other sources. Each criterion is assessed as having either a low risk (an indication for meeting the criterion), a high risk (an indication for not satisfying the criterion), or a medium risk (if not mentioned), with a note explaining the reason for this assessment. Two researchers assesses the article quality independently. Any divergence in their evaluations are solved by discussing with another author. Figure  2 shows the evaluation findings and the detailed information. A sensitivity analysis is conducted whereby each article is systematically removed one at a time. The analysis reveals that the findings are mostly unchanged, which suggests that the results are robust and reliable.

figure 2

Cochrane risk of bias evaluation

Statistical analysis

Review Manager 5.3, a statistical software, is applied to merge effect sizes and assess for bias. In this analysis, the indicator continuous variable is incorporated, making the results presented as mean ± standard deviation (Mean ± SD). The I 2 and Q tests are adopted to evaluate heterogeneity between studies. The fixed-effects model is applied as the I 2  < 50% or p  > 0.1, indicating the studies lack statistical heterogeneity. In contrast, a random-effects model is adopted to evaluate publication bias using funnel plots and to examine the reliability of the findings.

Search results

A comprehensive search for 1907 articles in total is conducted. The databases for search are Web of Science (1473 articles), PubMed (33 articles), Embase (75 articles), EBSCO host (154 articles), Cochrane (95 articles), and Scopus (75 articles). All identified articles are uploaded to Endnote (version X9), a reference management software. By examining the article titles, a total of 207 duplicate items are eliminated from further analysis. The articles are uploaded to Endnote (version X9), and after examining the titles, a total of 207 duplicates are removed. The dataset comprises 321 conference papers, 44 review articles, 31 articles with inconsistent subjects, 1 article applying inconsistent measurement tools, 94 articles employing inconsistent interventions, 66 articles featuring different endpoints as determined after reading the full text. 14 articles presenting results deviate from the mean ± standard deviation format. A total of 27 publications without a control group are identified, and 8 articles written in non-English languages are excluded. Additionally, the full texts of 26 articles are incomplete or unavailable. Hence, a final set of 16 eligible articles is included in the meta-analysis.

Basic features of the included articles

The analysis encompasses 16 articles, which collectively examines 17 studies. The total sample size has 2181 participants, with 1139 individuals assigned to the experimental group and 1042 individuals assigned to the control group. There were 1096 male participants and 1048 female ones. The age of the samples ranges from 4.9 to 15.62 years. The intervention duration covers from 15 to 90 minutes, with frequencies from 1 to 9 times each week. The intervention cycles span from 2 to 14 weeks. The interventions are concentrated on sports and games programs. The assessed outcome indicators include enjoyment and satisfaction, intervention instruments and major findings. See Table 2 for detailed information.

Quality assessment

This research examines the literature about the random assignment process and specifically focuses on six studies that meet the inclusion criteria [ 20 , 22 , 23 , 26 , 28 , 33 ]. The remaining research do not provide details about the randomization process. None of the 17 studies mention whether the allocation is concealed or not in the allocation scheme concealment. In terms of blinding, researchers on the subjects and inform them about the tests. Thus, the subjects are not blinded. Consequently, all 17 studies are deemed to have a high risk. The evaluation of the findings is featured with uncertainty. Two studies had a high incidence of staff turnover as for the completeness of the outcome data [ 20 , 27 ]. None of the 15 studies shows any subject or data loss, and all of them are considered to have low risk. The included studies show no further selective reporting or biases, and all of them are considered to have low risk of bias.

Tests for bias

This research includes outcome indicators for analysis, and the funnel plot demonstrates a distribution that is symmetrical, indicating the absence of publication bias, as seen in the Fig.  3 .

figure 3

Bias funnel plot

Efficacy tests

The relationship between teaching games in physical education and enjoyment of children and adolescents.

Heterogeneity tests were performed on the articles that were included in the analysis. Out of the total, 17 research (comprising 16 papers) indicated an altered association between the enjoyment experienced by children and adolescents in the context of teaching physical education games [ 1 , 14 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 33 ]. The researchers apply a random effects model to collect the findings about the articles’ outcome indicators. This study includes 17 studies and 2181 participants in total, with 1042 in the control group and 1139 in the experimental group. The present research provides evidence supporting the favorable impact of a physical education intervention using games on the positive emotions of children and adolescents in the experimental group (MD = 0.53, 95% CI: [0.27, 0.79], P  < 0.05), as depicted in Fig.  4 .

figure 4

Forest plot depicting the relation between physical game teaching and enjoyment in children and adolescents

Subgroup analyses

The combined impact size data for physical play teaching interventions on children and adolescents show a significant degree of variation. It is achieved by analyzing subgroups based on gender, age, duration, frequency, and cycling as potential influencing factors.

The results of subgroup analyses examining the influence of gender, age, duration, frequency, and cycling on the effects of games in physical education indicate that such games can enhance enjoyment of boys (MD = 0.31, 95% CI:[0.13,0.50], P  < 0.05) and positively affect girls (MD = 0.28, 95%CI:[0.05,0.51], P  < 0.05). Furthermore, it is observed that children aged 12 experienced an increasing enjoyment (MD = 0.41, 95% CI:[0.17,0.64], P  < 0.05), whereas adolescents aged 12 and above do not show a similar increase ( P  > 0.05). The duration of physical education sessions ranging from 30 to 60 minutes (MD = 0.40,95%CI:[0.19,0.60], P  < 0.05) can provide a favorable impact on enjoyment experienced by children and adolescents. Moreover, extending the duration of physical education beyond 60 minutes (MD = 0.55,95%CI:[0.10,1.00], P  < 0.05) may also improve their enjoyment. However, noticeably, durations shorter than 30 minutes do not show the same good effect ( P  > 0.05). It is more feasible to provide physical game teaching within a frequency range of 1 to 3 sessions per week (MD = 0.28,95%CI:[0.16,0.40], P  < 0.05) to elicit enjoyment among children and adolescents. Conversely, it is unsuitable to give physical game instructions, exceeding the threshold of 3 sessions per week ( P  > 0.05). The optimal duration for physical game teaching to elicit enjoyable outcomes in children and adolescents is between 3 to 6 weeks (MD = 0.81, 95%CI:[0.29,1.34], P  < 0.05), but durations beyond 6 weeks are also considered acceptable (MD = 0.29, 95%CI:[0.10,0.48], P  < 0.05). In contrast, it is not a proper option to be engaged in physical games for less than 3 weeks ( P  > 0.05). Hence, such factors as gender, age, duration, frequency, and cycle contribute significantly to the observed variation in satisfaction, as seen in Figs.  5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 .

figure 5

Forest plot depicting gender subgroup relationship between physical game teaching and enjoyment in children and adolescents

figure 6

Forest plot depicting age subgroup relationship between physical game teaching and enjoyment in children and adolescents

figure 7

Forest plot depicting duration subgroup relationship between physical game teaching and enjoyment in children and adolescents

figure 8

Forest plot depicting frequency subgroup relationship between physical game teaching and enjoyment in children and adolescents

figure 9

Forest plot depicting cycle subgroup relation between physical game teaching and enjoyment in children and adolescents

Main research analyses

The results of this study, including the analysis of 17 studies, show that the adoption of physical education game-based intervention has a beneficial effect on the enjoyment levels of children and adolescents. Such corresponds to the idea offered by Tornero and Capella, 2017, which claims that playing games adjusts to the emotional state of children and adolescents [ 34 ]. This advantageous feeling state can further improve their engagement in school sports activities [ 35 , 36 ]. Physiological studies prove that engaging in physical activity or exercise causes the release of endorphins from the pituitary gland and subthalamus. Endorphins are hormones that induce feelings of calmness and pleasure, enhancing mood and creating an enjoyable experience for children and adolescents during physical education programs, including games [ 37 , 38 , 39 ]. Furthermore, when it comes to content, the teaching of physical education games appears to enhance the enjoyment experienced by children and adolescents to a greater extent than the classes of traditional physical education. In their study, Batez et al. (2021) discovered that adolescents in the experimental group who participated in the Teaching Games for Understanding (mini-volleyball) way experienced a greater sense of satisfaction compared to the control group during the post-test phase [ 23 ]. Lopez-Lemus et al. (2023) noticed that analyzing the pre-test and post-test results of both the experimental and control groups revealed that 67 students who were part of the Sport Education (SE)/Teaching for understanding (TGfU) experimental group, specifically focusing on handball, revealed enhancements in-game performance, enjoyment, perceptual skills, and intentions [ 21 ]. Similarly, researches on dance movement games and basketball games show superior levels of enjoyment compared to traditional teaching methods [ 19 , 40 ]. Hence, this research posits that including games into physical education courses may effectively enhance the enjoyment of children and adolescents, making it a recommended approach compared to programmes that do not use games.

Gender analysis

This study claims that practicing physical sports might affect enjoyment among individuals of different genders, with boys expressing a greater chance of experiencing enjoyment compared to girls. Research has shown that as they get older boys and girls display unique preferences. In a cultural analysis conducted by Joseph et al., 25 African American women were surveyed regarding their engagement in physical activities. The majority of these women reported positive and enjoyable experiences in childhood, but their feelings were not apparent during their youth [ 41 ]. Additionally, female adolescents had a lower frequency of pleasurable meets in physical exercise compared to male adolescents, and they also displayed negative emotions towards engaging in physical activity [ 42 ]. Even so, variations in the level of enjoyment based on gender are likely to be impacted by different types of sports games. Girls have a preference for cooperative activities, particularly dancing games [ 43 ], whereas boys seem to choose competitive fitness games [ 44 ]. In all, both males and females can experience enjoyment in physical education games, still, variations in the level of enjoyment may arise due to factors such as age and the specific type of game. It seems that gender alone is not the sole determinant of enjoyment, and further study is required to identify other contributing factors.

Analysis of age

According to this study, teaching physical education games has a major effect on the enjoyable feelings of children below the age of 12. And yet, it does not have a substantial influence on teenagers aged 12 and above. In the opinion of Velez & Garcia, children between the ages of 9 and 12 have better levels of individual feelings of happiness compared to teenagers aged 13 to 17 [ 45 ]. Play is an essential element in the development of children’s motor skills and is intrinsically linked to enjoyment, which serves as a motivation for children to engage in physical exercise [ 46 ]. According to Bremer et al., a study demonstrated that children between the ages of 6 and 13 with autism who enjoyed their physical education sessions were more likely to engage in other physical activities [ 47 ]. Academic competition at school is an important factor that hinders the development of enjoyable feelings in teens, this is mostly caused by the negative effects of stress-induced depression and anxiety [ 48 ]. Mangerud found that engaging in physical exercise has an impact on the positive emotions of adolescents with anxiety disorders, including their enjoyment of sports circumstances [ 49 ]. As a result, teaching youngsters under the age of 12 physical sports proves to be a more successful method for obtaining enjoyment compared to teenagers aged 12 and above.

Analysis of duration

The present research offers that applying a physical game lesson beyond a duration of 30 minutes has a favorable impact on the enjoyment of children and adolescents, but less than 30 minutes appears to have little to no effect. This corresponds to the findings of the Gil-Madrona, when children participated in 45 minutes of popular cooperative and cooperative-oppositional games [ 50 ]. Physical exercise in children and teenagers increases the release of neurotransmitters including dopamine and (−)-norepinephrine. These substances help to decrease depression and anxiety, leading to increased feelings of euphoria, achievement, and overall well-being, which improve over time [ 51 , 52 , 53 ]. Previous research has shown that children tend to get pleasure from short periods of intense physical activity followed by times of relaxation (similar to outside play), whereas adults may have a preference for lengthier activities [ 54 ]. However, Tobin et al. carried out experiments with participants of varying durations and determined that a 12-minute length of time was considered insufficient for players to become fully engaged in the game, thus serving merely as a warm-up period [ 55 ]. In addition, another study corroborated these findings by establishing that children exhibited diminished motivation and failed to experience enhanced enjoyment when engaging in sports games for a brief duration of 20 minutes [ 56 ]. In the end, engaging in sports games for no less than 30 minutes can lead to improved outcomes and heightened enjoyment for children and adolescents.

Analysis of frequency

The analyses suggested that a teaching intervention based on physical education and games held 1 to 3 times per week is suitable for children and adolescents to experience enjoyment. However, doing more than 3 sessions per week seems unsuitable. Studies indicate a correlation between the frequency of participating in physical activity and experiencing positive emotions [ 57 ]. Furthermore, sustaining a proper frequency of physical activity could promote the feeling of Feelings of happiness. For instance, Batez and Gil-Arias both applied the teaching games for understanding (TGfU) approach in a physical education program, results indicated that students’ level of enjoyment somewhat improved when the games were taught twice weekly [ 23 , 58 ]. However, excessive participation in game activities without sufficient time for rest and recovery can lead to the build-up of lactic acid in the muscles, resulting in increased physical fatigue and negatively impacting the individual’s mood, finally diminishing the enjoyment of the gaming experience [ 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 ]. Temporary breaks can effectively facilitate physical recovery during physical education games, it not only promotes bodily rejuvenation but also enhances the enjoyment of children and adolescents [ 63 ]. Therefore, it is advisable to offer 1–3 lessons per week to optimise the teaching of physical education games.

Analysis of cycles

This study stated that physical education game teaching interventions lasting between 3 to 6 weeks and more than 6 weeks are ideal for improving the enjoyable outcomes of children and adolescents. Conversely, interventions lasting less than 3 weeks are not advisable. This conclusion is supported by the findings of previous studies. Some curriculum interventions like Zetou et al. designed a 4-week ‘Play and Stay’ tennis teaching programme, Jones et al.’s 6-week Teaching Games for Understanding and Fernandez-Rio et al.’s 9-week Gamification [ 22 , 24 , 26 ]. Findings show an increase in students’ enjoyment, linked to the regular meeting of their intrinsic drive in the physical education classroom. Several studies indicated that short physical procedures lasting only 1 week do not effectively assess the intrinsic motivation of participants [ 64 , 65 ], thus posing difficulties with stimulating the generation of enjoyable sensations in persons. Moreover, extended periods of physical play may result in decreased intrinsic motivation or boredom in children and adolescents [ 66 , 67 ]. Fu et al. and Zeng et al. propose that while physical play at first brings joy, enjoyment diminishes over time [ 33 , 68 ]. In conclusion, children and adolescents should engage in playful activities for a minimum of 3 weeks, while also ensuring that the play program offers a variety of activities and rich content to enhance their enjoyment.

This study applies a meta-analysis to examine the significance of teaching games in physical education regarding emotional delight experienced by children and adolescents. Gender, age, duration, frequency and cycles may be the reasons for variances impacting the research outcomes. This research finds that male participants are more likely to show enjoyable behavior compared with their female counterparts as for games teaching in physical courses. However, it should be noted that gender disparities may be influenced by variables like age and the specific kind of sports taught in class. Besides,Children engage in a minimum of 30 minutes every session, attending 1 to 3 sessions per week, so guaranteeing that the physical education and games curriculum is delivered for a span exceeding 3 weeks. This approach aims to foster positive affective experiences among children, thereby facilitating the attainment of optimum outcomes.

Limitations and future research

Apart from the meaningful findings, this research also has some drawbacks. Firstly, it adopts a meta-analytical approach to examine the influence of games teaching in physical education on enjoyment in children and adolescent. It primarily focuses on the outcomes of curriculum and teaching implementation. Consequently, the results may not be applicable to other contexts, such as after-school physical game activities, community physical game activities, and family physical game activities. Furthermore, the 17 studies analyzed in this research have insufficient data on duration, frequency, and period. This insufficient information may influence the statistical accuracy of conducting effect size tests. Additionally, the 17 studies fail to offer any data about the intensity of the activities employed in games teaching in physical education, such as heart rate, oxygen uptake, and respiratory rate. Consequently, future studies can address this gap in knowledge. Additionally, the current research does not ascertain the ideal upper threshold for the duration of engagement in the activity. This aspect warrants further exploration in a later literature review. Additionally, it is crucial to evaluate other variables which may influence the research outcomes, such as the specific nature of the sports game being analyzed. For further study, it would be fruitful to classify different sorts of sports games to improve the whole quality of the research.

Availability of data and materials

All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to express our deep appreciation to Professor Jamalsafri Bin Saibon from the School of Educational Studies, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), for providing advices and support for this project.

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MWL performed the experiment, LYM and LJQ performed the data analysis, HYW performs a final check of the data, MWL performed the formal analysis and wrote the manuscript, JBS helped perform the analysis with constructive discussions, All authors were involved in discussing the results.

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Mo, W., Saibon, J.B., LI, Y. et al. Effects of game-based physical education program on enjoyment in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health 24 , 517 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-18043-6

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