• Interesting
  • Scholarships
  • UGC-CARE Journals
  • iLovePhD Web Stories

14 Websites to Download Research Paper for Free – 2024

Download Research Paper for Free

Dr. Somasundaram R

14 Websites to Download Research Paper for Free - 2024

Table of contents

2. z-library, 3. library genesis, 4. unpaywall, 5. gettheresearch.org, 6. directory of open access journals (doaj), 7. researcher, 8. science open, 10. internet archive scholar, 11. citationsy archives, 13. dimensions, 14. paperpanda – download research papers for free.

Collecting and reading relevant research articles to one’s research areas is important for PhD scholars. However, for any research scholar, downloading a research paper is one of the most difficult tasks. You must pay for access to high-quality research materials or subscribe to the journal or publication. In this article, ilovephd lists the top 14 websites to download free research papers, journals, books, datasets, patents, and conference proceedings downloads.

Download Research Paper for Free – 2024

14 best free websites to download research papers are listed below:

Sci-Hub is a website link with over 64.5 million academic papers and articles available for direct download. It bypasses publisher paywalls by allowing access through educational institution proxies.  To download papers Sci-Hub  stores papers in its repository, this storage is called Library Genesis (LibGen) or library genesis proxy 2024.

Scihub

Visit: Working Sci-Hub Proxy Links – 2024

Z-Library is a clone of Library Genesis, a shadow library project that allows users to share scholarly journal articles, academic texts, and general-interest books via file sharing (some of which are pirated). The majority of its books come from Library Genesis, however, some are posted directly to the site by individuals.

Individuals can also donate to the website’s repository to make literature more widely available. Z-library claims to have more than  10,139,382 Books  and  84,837,646 Articles  articles as of April 25, 2024.

It promises to be “the world’s largest e-book library” as well as “the world’s largest scientific papers repository,” according to the project’s page for academic publications (at booksc.org). Z-library also describes itself as a donation-based non-profit organization.

Z-Library

Visit: Z-Library – You can Download 70,000,000+ scientific articles for free

The Library Genesis aggregator is a community aiming at collecting and cataloging item descriptions for the most part of scientific, scientific, and technical directions, as well as file metadata. In addition to the descriptions, the aggregator contains only links to third-party resources hosted by users. All information posted on the website is collected from publicly available public Internet resources and is intended solely for informational purposes.

Library Genesis

Visit: libgen.li

Unpaywall harvests Open Access content from over 50,000 publishers and repositories, and makes it easy to find, track, and use. It is integrated into thousands of library systems, search platforms, and other information products worldwide. In fact, if you’re involved in scholarly communication, there’s a good chance you’ve already used Unpaywall data.

Unpaywall is run by OurResearch, a nonprofit dedicated to making scholarships more accessible to everyone. Open is our passion. So it’s only natural our source code is open, too.

download research papers site

Visit: unpaywall.org

GetTheResearch.org is an  Artificial Intelligence(AI)  powered search engine for search and understand  scientific articles  for researchers and scientists. It was developed as a part of the  Unpaywall  project. Unpaywall is a database of 23,329,737 free scholarly Open Access(OA) articles from over 50,000 publishers and repositories, and make it easy to find, track, and use.

Gettheresearch.org ilovephd

Visit: Find and Understand 25 Million Peer-Reviewed Research Papers for Free

DOAJ (Directory of Open Access Journals) was launched in 2003 with 300 open-access journals. Today, this independent index contains almost 17 500 peer-reviewed, open-access journals covering all areas of science, technology, medicine, social sciences, arts, and humanities. Open-access journals from all countries and in all languages are accepted for indexing.

DOAJ is financially supported by many libraries, publishers, and other like-minded organizations. Supporting DOAJ demonstrates a firm commitment to open access and the infrastructure that supports it.

Directory of Open Access Journals

Visit: doaj.org

The researcher is a free journal-finding mobile application that helps you to read new journal papers every day that are relevant to your research. It is the most popular mobile application used by more than 3 million scientists and researchers to keep themselves updated with the latest academic literature.

Researcher

Visit: 10 Best Apps for Graduate Students 

ScienceOpen  is a discovery platform with interactive features for scholars to enhance their research in the open, make an impact, and receive credit for it. It provides context-building services for publishers, to bring researchers closer to the content than ever before. These advanced search and discovery functions, combined with post-publication peer review, recommendation, social sharing, and collection-building features make  ScienceOpen  the only research platform you’ll ever need.

download research papers site

Visit: scienceopen.com

OA.mg is a search engine for academic papers. Whether you are looking for a specific paper, or for research from a field, or all of an author’s works – OA.mg is the place to find it.

oa mg

Visit: oa.mg

Internet Archive Scholar (IAS) is a full-text search index that includes over 25 million research articles and other scholarly documents preserved in the Internet Archive. The collection spans from digitized copies of eighteenth-century journals through the latest Open Access conference proceedings and pre-prints crawled from the World Wide Web.

Internet-Archive-Scholar

Visit: Sci hub Alternative – Internet Archive Scholar

Citationsy was founded in 2017 after the reference manager Cenk was using at the time, RefMe, was shut down. It was immediately obvious that the reason people loved RefMe — a clean interface, speed, no ads, simplicity of use — did not apply to CiteThisForMe. It turned out to be easier than anticipated to get a rough prototype up.

citationsy

Visit: citationsy.com

CORE is the world’s largest aggregator of open-access research papers from repositories and journals. It is a not-for-profit service dedicated to the open-access mission. We serve the global network of repositories and journals by increasing the discoverability and reuse of open-access content.

It provides solutions for content management, discovery, and scalable machine access to research. Our services support a wide range of stakeholders, specifically researchers, the general public, academic institutions, developers, funders, and companies from a diverse range of sectors including but not limited to innovators, AI technology companies, digital library solutions, and pharma.

CORE

Visit: core.ac.uk

Dimensions cover millions of research publications connected by more than 1.6 billion citations, supporting grants, datasets, clinical trials, patents, and policy documents.

Dimensions is the most comprehensive research grants database that links grants to millions of resulting publications, clinical trials, and patents. It

provides up-to-the-minute online attention data via Altmetric, showing you how often publications and clinical trials are discussed around the world. 226m Altmetric mentions with 17m links to publications.

Dimensions include datasets from repositories such as Figshare, Dryad, Zenodo, Pangaea, and many more. It hosts millions of patents with links to other citing patents as well as to publications and supporting grants.

Dimensions

Visit: dimensions.ai

PaperPanda is a Chrome extension that uses some clever logic and the Panda’s detective skills to find you the research paper PDFs you need. Essentially, when you activate PaperPanda it finds the DOI of the paper from the current page, and then goes and searches for it. It starts by querying various Open Access repositories like OpenAccessButton, OaDoi, SemanticScholar, Core, ArXiV, and the Internet Archive. You can also set your university library’s domain in the settings (this feature is in the works and coming soon). PaperPanda will then automatically search for the paper through your library. You can also set a different custom domain in the settings.

Paperpanda

Visit: PaperPanda

I hope, this article will help you to know some of the best websites to download research papers and journals for free.

  • download paid books for free
  • download research papers for free
  • download research papers free
  • download scientific article for free
  • Free Datasets download
  • how to download research paper

Dr. Somasundaram R

10 Tips to Quickly Publish Research Article with ChatGPT

Significance of intellectual property rights in research, list of ugc care journals discontinued from jan 2024.

hi im zara,student of art. could you please tell me how i can download the paper and books about painting, sewing,sustainable fashion,graphic and so on. thank a lot

thanks for the informative reports.

warm regards

LEAVE A REPLY Cancel reply

Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.

Notify me of follow-up comments by email.

Notify me of new posts by email.

Email Subscription

ilovephd logo

iLovePhD is a research education website to know updated research-related information. It helps researchers to find top journals for publishing research articles and get an easy manual for research tools. The main aim of this website is to help Ph.D. scholars who are working in various domains to get more valuable ideas to carry out their research. Learn the current groundbreaking research activities around the world, love the process of getting a Ph.D.

WhatsApp Channel

Join iLovePhD WhatsApp Channel Now!

Contact us: [email protected]

Copyright © 2019-2024 - iLovePhD

  • Artificial intelligence

download research papers site

If it were not for Sci-Hub – I wouldn't be able to do my thesis in Materials Science (research related to the structure formation in aluminum alloys)

Alexander T.

We fight inequality in knowledge access across the world. The scientific knowledge should be available for every person regardless of their income, social status, geographical location and etc.

Our mission is to remove any barrier which impeding the widest possible distribution of knowledge in human society!

We advocate for cancellation of intellectual property , or copyright laws, for scientific and educational resources.

Copyright laws render the operation of most online libraries illegal. Hence many people are deprived from knowledge, while at the same time allowing rightholders to have a huge benefits from this. The copyright fosters increase of both informational and economical inequality.

The Sci-Hub project supports Open Access movement in science. Research should be published in open access, i.e. be free to read.

The Open Access is a new and advanced form of scientific communication, which is going to replace outdated subscription models. We stand against unfair gain that publishers collect by creating limits to knowledge distribution.

Send you contribution to the Bitcoin address: 12PCbUDS4ho7vgSccmixKTHmq9qL2mdSns

“The only truly modern academic research engine”

Oa.mg is a search engine for academic papers, specialising in open access. we have over 250 million papers in our index..

SCI Journal

15 Best Websites to Download Research Papers for Free

Photo of author

This post may contain affiliate links that allow us to earn a commission at no expense to you. Learn more

Best Websites to Download Research Papers for Free

Is your thirst for knowledge limited by expensive subscriptions? Explore the best websites to download research papers for free and expand your academic reach.

Today, navigating through the academic terrain often feels like being stuck in an intellectual desert, parched for knowledge.

With paywalls acting like impenetrable fortresses, accessing scholarly articles becomes a herculean task. However, a beacon of hope exists in the form of free-access platforms, quenching our thirst for intellectual wisdom. Let’s set sail on this scholarly journey.

Table of Contents

Do you recall the Z Library, a once-prominent source of free academic resources? While its seizure by the FBI was a stark reminder of copyright considerations, it also marked a transformative phase in the digital academic landscape. 

Today’s champions of academia aren’t just about offering free access, they uphold ethics and copyright respectability. Let’s delve into these repositories that are reshaping the academia world. You can download free research papers from any of the following websites.

Best Websites to Download Research Papers

#1. sci-hub – best for accessing paywalled academic papers.

Credits: Armacad, Best Websites to Download Research Papers for Free,

  • Unlocks millions of academic articles
  • Known as the ‘Robin Hood’ of research
  • Free and easy to use

Sci-Hub is the defiant maverick of the academic sphere. Often termed the “Pirate Bay of Science,” it presents an unconventional solution to the paywall barrier, freely providing access to a vast range of scholarly literature.

What are the benefits of Sci-Hub?

  • Unlimited Access: Unlocks paywalled research papers
  • Extensive Database: Hosts a wide variety of academic disciplines
  • User-friendly: Features a simple interface and easy navigation

Despite its contentious standing, Sci-Hub offers an invaluable service to knowledge-seekers. While navigating the tightrope between access and legality, it represents a game-changing force in the world of academic research.

Source: https://www.sci-hub.se

#2. Library Genesis (Libgen) – Best for a Wide Range of Books and Articles

Credits: Wikipedia, Best Websites to Download Research Papers for Free,

  • Houses a comprehensive collection of books and articles
  • Allows downloading in various formats
  • Free and efficient

If the pursuit of knowledge was a grand voyage, Library Genesis, or Libgen, would undoubtedly be your trusty compass and map. Like the vast sea brimming with hidden treasures, Libgen is an expansive library with riches ranging from academic papers to rare textbooks, and even popular fiction. 

It’s not just a repository, but a vibrant confluence of multiple disciplines and interests, catering to the unique intellectual appetite of each knowledge seeker.

You might also like:

  • SCI Journal: Science Journal Impact Factor
  • 11 Best Academic Writing Tools For Researchers 2023
  • Sci Hub Review 2023
  • Jasper AI Review (2023) – Does it work for academic users?
  • 15 Best Data Collection and Survey Tools for Research 2023

What are the benefits of Libgen?

  • Multidisciplinary: Holds resources for a vast array of subjects
  • Diverse Content: Offers not just articles but also books, textbooks, and fiction
  • Format Freedom: Allows content download in various formats

Libgen, with its remarkable expanse and variety, is the academic equivalent of a treasure trove. It’s a one-stop destination for researchers and readers, making it an invaluable ally in the quest for knowledge.

Source: https://libgen.is

#3. Unpaywall – Best for Legal Open Access Versions of Scholarly Articles

Credits: Unpaywall, Best Websites to Download Research Papers for Free,

  • Provides legal access to millions of academic articles
  • Fast and user-friendly
  • Free and ethically sound

Unpaywall is the stately knight of the academic world. Upholding the banner of ethics, it gallantly charges through the battlefield of paywalls, breaking barriers and making scholarly literature accessible.

Unpaywall doesn’t just give you a key; it gives you a legal, ethically sound key to the treasure chest of academic wisdom. This website is not merely a tool; it’s a testament to the idea that knowledge should be accessible to all, without compromising on legality and respect for authorship.

What are the benefits of Unpaywall?

  • Legal Access: Enables legitimate access to research papers
  • Wide Reach: Features an extensive, continuously updated database
  • Cost-free: All services are available without any charges

For those who believe in the harmony of free access and ethical consideration, Unpaywall is a guiding star. It reflects an ideal blend of accessibility, legality, and respect for intellectual property.

Source: https://unpaywall.org

  • Best Survey Tools For Research In Academics
  • 15 Best Online Research Communities And Forums
  • 15 Best Academic Journal Discovery Platforms
  • 15 Best Academic Research Trend Prediction Platforms

#4. Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) – Best for Peer-Reviewed Open Access Journals

Credits: DOAJ, Best Websites to Download Research Papers for Free,

  • Repository of high-quality, open-access, peer-reviewed journals
  • Covers all subjects and many languages
  • Free to use

DOAJ is one of the most popular open access repositories that offers peer-reviewed, open-access journals across numerous subjects and languages. More than just a tool, DOAJ symbolizes the collaborative ethos of academia, fostering a global exchange of knowledge with no entry ticket.

What are the benefits of DOAJ?

  • High Quality: Ensures all listed journals are peer-reviewed for quality assurance
  • Wide Range: Features journals covering numerous subjects and languages
  • Free Access: No cost attached to access these resources

The DOAJ, in its essence, manifests the democratic spirit of academic research. It’s an indispensable platform for researchers seeking high-quality, peer-reviewed, open-access resources across a wide range of subjects.

Source: https://doaj.org

  • How To Use LaTeX Packages With Examples
  • Sci Hub Review 
  • 11 Best Academic Writing Tools For Researchers

#5. Open Access Button – Best for Free Versions of Paywalled Articles

Credits: Wikipedia, Best Websites to Download Research Papers for Free,

  • Finds legal free versions of paywalled articles
  • Fast, simple, and reliable
  • Free and respects copyright laws

Just like the rush of adrenaline you feel when you find a forgotten $20 bill in your old jeans, Open Access Button brings the same excitement to the academic sphere. 

It is your trusty detective, sniffing out legal, freely accessible versions of those pesky paywalled articles. More than just a tool, it represents an ethical, innovative solution to the widespread issue of paywall barricades in academic research.

What are the benefits of Open Access Button?

  • Legal & Free Access: Hunts for legal, open versions of paywalled research papers
  • User-friendly: Easy to use with swift results
  • Ethical: Respects and upholds copyright laws

Open Access Button serves as the ethical bridge between knowledge seekers and the scholarly content they need. Its commitment to providing free, legal access upholds the values of respect and fairness in academia.

Source: https://openaccessbutton.org

  • 15 Best Academic Networking and Collaboration Platforms
  • 15 Best Academic Journal Discovery Platforms 
  • 15 Best Academic Research Trend Prediction Platforms 
  • Sci Hub Review

#6. Science Open – Best for a Wide Variety of Open Access Scientific Research

Credits: Science Open, Best Websites to Download Research Papers for Free,

  • Features over 60 million articles
  • Facilitates academic networking and discussion
  • Free and comprehensive

Consider Science Open as a bustling town square in the city of scientific knowledge, where scholars from all walks of life gather, discuss, and dissect over 60 million articles. 

It’s not just like the best university libraries, it’s a collaborative arena for scientists, researchers, and curious minds alike. By fostering open discussions and peer reviews, it not only disseminates information but also nourishes a robust, global scientific community.

What are the benefits of Science Open?

  • Vast Library: Provides access to over 60 million research items
  • Collaborative Platform: Encourages networking, discussion, and public peer review
  • Comprehensive: Covers a wide array of scientific disciplines

Science Open is more than a tool; it’s a community fostering open scientific discourse. Its vast resources and collaborative platform make it a vital player in modern scientific research.

Source: https://www.scienceopen.com

  • Best Academic Social Network Sites 
  • 15 Best Online Research Communities and Forums 
  • 30+ Essential Software for Researchers

#7. CORE – Best for Open Access Content Across Disciplines

Credits: CORE, Best Websites to Download Research Papers for Free,

  • Harvests research papers from repositories worldwide
  • Features millions of open access articles

CORE is like a skilled artisan, meticulously crafting a vast tapestry of open-access content across various disciplines. By aggregating data from repositories worldwide, it weaves together a rich, comprehensive picture of global research. 

This tool doesn’t merely provide access; it delivers an integrated research experience that pushes the frontiers of academia and knowledge exploration.

What are the benefits of CORE?

  • Wide Coverage: Harvests data from global repositories, providing extensive coverage
  • Open Access: Features millions of open access research papers
  • User-friendly: Simple, efficient interface for seamless navigation

With its unparalleled aggregation and comprehensive access, CORE embodies the grand orchestra of global research. It stands as an essential tool in the modern researcher’s toolkit.

Source: https://core.ac.uk

  • 11 Best Academic Writing Tools For Researchers 
  • 25 Best Research File Sharing and Storage Solutions 

#8. ERIC – Best for Education Research

Credits: Wikipedia, Best Websites to Download Research Papers for Free,

  • Specialized in education research literature
  • Offers a wide range of resources, including articles, reports, and studies
  • Free and tailored for educators and researchers

Like an esteemed professor, ERIC curates and presents a wealth of scholarly resources for educators, policymakers, and researchers. It serves as a guiding light, illuminating the path to evidence-based practices and enriching the field of education.

What are the benefits of ERIC?

  • Focus on Education: Offers a specialized collection of education research literature
  • Comprehensive Resources: Includes articles, reports, studies, and more
  • Tailored for Educators: Provides valuable insights and tools specifically for educators and researchers

ERIC stands as a pillar in the realm of education research, equipping educators with the knowledge and evidence they need to drive innovation and improve educational practices.

Source: https://eric.ed.gov

#9. PaperPanda – Best for Free Access to Research Papers

Credits: PaperPanda, Best Websites to Download Research Papers for Free,

  • Provides free access to research papers across multiple disciplines
  • Offers convenient search and download options
  • Free and user-friendly

PaperPanda is always there to assist you in your quest for knowledge. With its vast collection of research papers spanning various disciplines, PaperPanda ensures that you have the resources you need right at your fingertips. 

It’s like having a personal research assistant, guiding you through the maze of scholarly literature.

What are the benefits of PaperPanda?

  • Wide Range of Disciplines: Offers research papers across multiple fields of study
  • Easy Search and Download: Provides convenient search and download options
  • User-Friendly Interface: Makes the research process smooth and accessible

PaperPanda, with its user-friendly approach and expansive collection, simplifies the journey of accessing research papers. It empowers researchers and knowledge enthusiasts by putting a world of information within reach.

Source: https://paperpanda.app

  • 25 Best Tools For Tracking Research Impact And Citations
  • 25 Best Collaborative Writing Tools For Research
  • Deep Web For Academic Research To Double Your Access To Knowledge 

#10. Citationsy Archives – Best for Research Papers from Numerous Fields

Credits: Citationsy, Best Websites to Download Research Papers for Free,

  • Curates a vast collection of research papers
  • Offers easy-to-use citation and bibliography management tools

As you navigate through the vast corridors of this digital library, you’ll discover a wealth of academic resources from diverse fields. 

Citationsy Archives provides access to valuable research papers. It also equips you with powerful citation and bibliography management tools, ensuring that your scholarly journey remains organized and efficient.

What are the benefits of Citationsy?

  • Extensive Collection: Curates a wide variety of research papers from numerous fields
  • Citation Management: Offers user-friendly tools for organizing citations and creating bibliographies
  • Comprehensive Support: Helps researchers streamline their academic workflow

Citationsy Archives serves as a haven for researchers seeking a comprehensive collection of research papers. Its integrated citation and bibliography management tools make it an indispensable companion in the scholarly pursuit.

Source: https://citationsy.com

#11. OA.mg – Best for Direct Download Links to Open Access Papers

Credits: OA.mg, Best Websites to Download Research Papers for Free,

  • Provides direct download links to open access papers
  • Offers a straightforward, no-frills interface

OA.mg presents a no-nonsense approach to providing direct download links to scholarly articles, ensuring that you have immediate access to the knowledge you seek. With its simplicity and efficiency, OA.mg streamlines the process of finding and accessing open access papers.

What are the benefits of OA.mg?

  • Direct Download Links: Offers quick access to open access papers without unnecessary hurdles
  • Simplicity: Features a straightforward interface for effortless navigation
  • Efficient Access: Saves time by bypassing intermediary steps in accessing research papers

OA.mg stands as a reliable conduit between knowledge seekers and open access papers. Its focus on direct download links enhances the efficiency of accessing scholarly resources.

Source: https://oa.mg

#12. Social Science Research Network (SSRN) – Best for Social Sciences and Humanities Research

Credits: SSRN, Best Websites to Download Research Papers for Free,

  • Specializes in social sciences and humanities research
  • Hosts a vast collection of scholarly papers, working papers, and preprints
  • Free and tailored for researchers in these fields

This digital haven caters to the intellectual curiosity of scholars in these fields, providing access to a wealth of scholarly papers, working papers, and preprints.

SSRN fosters collaboration and knowledge-sharing, creating a vibrant community at the forefront of social sciences and humanities research.

What are the benefits of SSRN?

  • Specialized Content: Focuses on social sciences and humanities research
  • Diverse Collection: Offers scholarly papers, working papers, and preprints
  • Research Community: Facilitates collaboration and knowledge-sharing among researchers

SSRN serves as an invaluable resource for researchers in the social sciences and humanities, fostering a community that drives innovation and advancements in these fields.

Source: https://www.ssrn.com

#13. Project Gutenberg – Best for Free Access to eBooks

Credits: VA News, Best Websites to Download Research Papers for Free,

  • Houses a vast collection of free eBooks
  • Covers a wide range of subjects and genres
  • Free and easily accessible

Project Gutenberg is a paradise for book lovers and knowledge enthusiasts. This impressive collection of free eBooks spans various subjects and genres, from classic literature to scientific works. 

Project Gutenberg opens the doors to a world of literary exploration, providing access to timeless wisdom and captivating stories that shape our intellectual landscape.

What are the benefits of Project Gutenberg?

  • Extensive eBook Collection: Offers a vast selection of free eBooks
  • Diverse Subjects and Genres: Covers a wide range of topics and literary genres
  • Free and Accessible: Provides easy access to literary works without any cost

Project Gutenberg serves as a testament to the power of literature and the accessibility of knowledge. It enables readers worldwide to embark on intellectual journeys through its extensive collection of free eBooks.

Source: https://www.gutenberg.org

  • Journal of Scholarly Publishing Impact Factor & Key Scientometrics
  • Journal of Advanced Research Impact Factor & Key Scientometrics
  • American Journal of Sociology Impact Factor & Key Scientometrics
  • Journal of Economic Psychology Impact Factor & Key Scientometrics

#14. PLOS (Public Library of Science) – Best for Open Access to Scientific and Medical Research

Credits: Wikipedia, Best Websites to Download Research Papers for Free,

  • Publishes open access scientific and medical research
  • Features high-quality, peer-reviewed articles
  • Free and promotes global scientific collaboration

As a leading publisher of open access research, PLOS fosters the dissemination of cutting-edge scientific discoveries to a global audience. 

With a commitment to quality and peer-reviewed excellence, PLOS supports the collaborative spirit of scientific advancement, empowering researchers and scientists to share their findings freely.

What are the benefits of PLOS?

  • Open Access Publications: Provides free access to high-quality scientific and medical research
  • Peer-Reviewed Excellence: Ensures rigorous peer review for published articles
  • Global Scientific Collaboration: Facilitates knowledge sharing and collaboration among researchers worldwide

PLOS stands at the forefront of the open access movement, promoting the free flow of scientific and medical knowledge. It represents the spirit of collaboration and transparency, empowering researchers to push the boundaries of human understanding.

Source: https://plos.org

#15. arXiv.org – Best for Preprints in Science, Mathematics, and Computer Science

Credits: arXiv, Best Websites to Download Research Papers for Free,

  • Specializes in hosting preprints in science, mathematics, and computer science
  • Provides early access to cutting-edge research
  • Free and fosters collaboration among researchers

arXiv.org is the epicenter of preprints in science, mathematics, and computer science. This virtual haven serves as an incubator for innovative ideas, granting researchers early access to the latest findings and nurturing collaboration within these rapidly evolving disciplines.

What are the benefits of arXiv?

  • Cutting-Edge Research: Provides access to preprints, allowing early exploration of groundbreaking ideas
  • Interdisciplinary Reach: Spans science, mathematics, and computer science, fostering cross-disciplinary collaboration
  • Global Knowledge Exchange: Encourages the sharing of research findings and facilitates collaboration among researchers worldwide

arXiv.org stands as a catalyst for scientific progress, offering a glimpse into the future of research. By providing early access to preprints, it fuels innovation, collaboration, and the acceleration of knowledge in science, mathematics, and computer science.

Source: https://arxiv.org

In a world where knowledge is king, accessing a research paper shouldn’t feel like an impossible task. Thanks to these free and innovative websites, we can escape the barriers of paywalls and dive into a vast ocean of intellectual wealth. 

From the rebellious spirit of Sci-Hub to the collaborative nature of PLOS, these digital champions are reshaping the academic landscape.

Photo of author

Leave a Comment Cancel reply

Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.

We maintain and update science journals and scientific metrics. Scientific metrics data are aggregated from publicly available sources. Please note that we do NOT publish research papers on this platform. We do NOT accept any manuscript.

download research papers site

2012-2024 © scijournal.org

Internet Archive Scholar logo (vaporwave)

Academia Insider

Best Websites To Download Research Papers For Free: Beyond Sci-Hub

Navigating the vast ocean of academic research can be daunting, especially when you’re on a quest for specific research papers without the constraints of paywalls. Fortunately, the digital age has ushered in an era of accessible knowledge, with various platforms offering free downloads of scholarly articles.

In this article, we explore some of the best websites that provide researchers, students, and academicians with free access to a plethora of research papers across diverse fields, ensuring that knowledge remains within everyone’s reach.

Best Websites To Download Research Papers For Free

Google scholar.

As a researcher, you might find Google Scholar to be a repository brimming with academic papers covering a broad span of domains like social sciences, computer science, and humanity, including:

  • Journal articles
  • Conference papers, and

Unlike other websites to download research papers, Google Scholar provides free access to a vast collection of scholarly literature, making it one of the best websites to download research.

Not every article is available in full PDF format directly; however, Google Scholar often links to other open access resources like DOAJ (Directory of Open Access Journals) and open-access repositories where you can directly download papers.

For instance, if you’re searching for a specific 2023 research paper in mathematics, you can use Google Scholar to locate the paper and check if it’s available for free download either on the platform itself or through links to various open access sources.

In many cases, Google Scholar integrates with tools like Unpaywall and Open Access Button, which are browser extensions that help you find free versions of paywalled articles.

These extensions often redirect you to open-access content, including those on platforms like Sci-Hub and Library Genesis, although it’s crucial to be aware of the legal and ethical implications of using such services.

ResearchGate

ResearchGate is a unique platform that blends social networking with academic research, making it an essential tool for researchers and scientists across various disciplines.

download research papers site

Here, you have access to a digital library of millions of research papers, spanning fields from computer science to social sciences and beyond.

When you’re on ResearchGate, downloading a research paper is relatively straightforward, especially if it’s open access. Many researchers upload the full PDF of their work, providing free access to their peer-reviewed articles.

If the research paper you’re interested in isn’t available for direct download, ResearchGate offers a unique feature: you can request a copy directly from the author.

This approach not only gets you the paper but also potentially opens a line of communication with leading experts in your field.

It’s important to note that ResearchGate isn’t just a repository; it’s a platform for discovery and connection. You can:

  • Follow specific researchers
  • Join discussions, and
  • Receive notifications about new research in your domain.

While it doesn’t have the controversial direct download links like Sci-Hub or Library Genesis, ResearchGate offers a more ethical and legal route to accessing academic papers. 

ScienceOpen

ScienceOpen is a comprehensive repository that hosts a multitude of open-access research articles across various fields, from the social sciences to computer science. 

The process of downloading a research paper on ScienceOpen is remarkably straightforward. Since it’s an open-access platform, most of the papers are available to download as PDFs without any cost.

This means you can access high-quality, peer-reviewed academic research without encountering paywalls that are often a barrier in many other scientific platforms.

For instance, if you’re delving into the latest 2023 scientific papers in mathematics, ScienceOpen can be your go-to source. You can easily search for research papers using:

  • Browsing through various open access journals featured on the site.

The direct download feature simplifies access to these papers, making it convenient for you to obtain the research you need.

Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)

The Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) is a digital library is an extensive repository of open-access, peer-reviewed journals, covering a wide array of subjects from humanities to nuclear science.

When you’re navigating DOAJ, you’ll discover that it’s not just a platform to download research papers; it’s a gateway to a world of academic research.

download research papers site

Each journal article listed is freely accessible, meaning you can download these scholarly articles without any cost or subscription.

The process is simple: search for research papers using specific keywords, subjects, or even DOAJ’s advanced search functionality that includes filters like:

  • Language, or
  • The year of publication.

For example, if you’re delving into the latest developments in scientific research in 2023, DOAJ allows you to refine your search to the most recent publications.

Once you find a relevant research paper, you can easily access the full text in PDF format through a direct download link. This is particularly useful for accessing high-quality, open-access research papers that are not always readily available on other platforms like Sci-Hub or Library Genesis.

PubMed hosts millions of research articles, primarily in the fields of medicine and life sciences, but also encompassing a broad range of scientific research.

When you’re on PubMed, you can search for research papers using:

  • Authors, or
  • Specific journal names.

While PubMed lists both open-access and subscription-based journal articles, it offers a unique feature for accessing papers for free.

If you’re looking for a particular research paper, say in the domain of computer science or social sciences from 2023, you can directly access its abstract on PubMed. For open access articles, a free full-text link is often available, allowing you to download the research paper in PDF format.

PubMed integrates with tools like Unpaywall and the Open Access Button. These browser extensions help you find open-access versions of the articles you’re interested in, bypassing the paywalls that often restrict access to scholarly literature.

While PubMed itself doesn’t provide direct download links for all articles, its connection with these tools and various open access repositories ensures that you, as a researcher, have greater access to scientific papers.

Sci-Hub (with Caution)

Sci-Hub, often dubbed the ‘Pirate Bay of Science,’ has been a game-changer in the scientific community since its inception by Alexandra Elbakyan in 2011.

It operates as a controversial, yet widely used platform providing free access to millions of research papers and academic articles that are typically locked behind paywalls.

As a researcher, you might find Sci-Hub an intriguing, albeit contentious, tool for accessing scholarly literature.

When you’re looking to download a research paper from Sci-Hub, the process is relatively straightforward. Say you need a journal article on computer science or a groundbreaking study in social sciences from 2023; you just need to have the DOI (Digital Object Identifier) of the paper.

By entering this DOI into Sci-Hub’s search bar, the website bypasses publisher paywalls, offering you direct download links to PDF versions of the articles.

download research papers site

It’s crucial to note that while Sci-Hub provides access to a vast repository of scientific research, its legality is under constant scrutiny. The platform operates via various proxy links and has been the subject of numerous legal battles with publishers and academic institutions.

Nevertheless, Sci-Hub remains a popular go-to for researchers and scientists globally, especially those without access to university libraries or digital archives.

While it opens doors to a wealth of knowledge, users should be aware of the ethical and legal implications of using such a service in their respective countries.

Wrapping Up: You Can Get Free Academic Papers 

The digital landscape offers a wealth of resources for accessing academic research without financial barriers. The platforms we share here provide an invaluable service to the scholarly community, democratising access to knowledge and fostering intellectual growth.

Whether you’re a seasoned researcher or a curious student, these websites bridge the gap between you and the vast world of academic literature, ensuring that the pursuit of knowledge remains an inclusive and equitable journey for all. Remember to consider the legal and ethical aspects when using these resources.

download research papers site

Dr Andrew Stapleton has a Masters and PhD in Chemistry from the UK and Australia. He has many years of research experience and has worked as a Postdoctoral Fellow and Associate at a number of Universities. Although having secured funding for his own research, he left academia to help others with his YouTube channel all about the inner workings of academia and how to make it work for you.

Thank you for visiting Academia Insider.

We are here to help you navigate Academia as painlessly as possible. We are supported by our readers and by visiting you are helping us earn a small amount through ads and affiliate revenue - Thank you!

download research papers site

2024 © Academia Insider

download research papers site

Article type icon

21 Legit Research Databases for Free Journal Articles in 2022

#scribendiinc

Written by  Scribendi

Has this ever happened to you? While looking for websites for research, you come across a research paper site that claims to connect academics to a peer-reviewed article database for free.

Intrigued, you search for keywords related to your topic, only to discover that you must pay a hefty subscription fee to access the service. After the umpteenth time being duped, you begin to wonder if there's even such a thing as free journal articles .

Subscription fees and paywalls are often the bane of students and academics, especially those at small institutions who don't provide access to many free article directories and repositories.

Whether you're working on an undergraduate paper, a PhD dissertation, or a medical research study, we want to help you find tools to locate and access the information you need to produce well-researched, compelling, and innovative work.

Below, we discuss why peer-reviewed articles are superior and list out the best free article databases to use in 2022.

Download Our Free Research Database Roundup PDF

Why peer-reviewed scholarly journal articles are more authoritative.

Peer-Reviewed Articles

Determining what sources are reliable can be challenging. Peer-reviewed scholarly journal articles are the gold standard in academic research. Reputable academic journals have a rigorous peer-review process.

The peer review process provides accountability to the academic community, as well as to the content of the article. The peer review process involves qualified experts in a specific (often very specific) field performing a review of an article's methods and findings to determine things like quality and credibility.

Peer-reviewed articles can be found in peer-reviewed article databases and research databases, and if you know that a database of journals is reliable, that can offer reassurances about the reliability of a free article. Peer review is often double blind, meaning that the author removes all identifying information and, likewise, does not know the identity of the reviewers. This helps reviewers maintain objectivity and impartiality so as to judge an article based on its merit.

Where to Find Peer-Reviewed Articles

Peer-reviewed articles can be found in a variety of research databases. Below is a list of some of the major databases you can use to find peer-reviewed articles and other sources in disciplines spanning the humanities, sciences, and social sciences.

What Are Open Access Journals?

An open access (OA) journal is a journal whose content can be accessed without payment. This provides scholars, students, and researchers with free journal articles . OA journals use alternate methods of funding to cover publication costs so that articles can be published without having to pass those publication costs on to the reader.

Open Access Journals

Some of these funding models include standard funding methods like advertising, public funding, and author payment models, where the author pays a fee in order to publish in the journal. There are OA journals that have non-peer-reviewed academic content, as well as journals that focus on dissertations, theses, and papers from conferences, but the main focus of OA is peer-reviewed scholarly journal articles.

The internet has certainly made it easier to access research articles and other scholarly publications without needing access to a university library, and OA takes another step in that direction by removing financial barriers to academic content.

Choosing Wisely

Features of legitimate oa journals.

 There are things to look out for when trying to decide if a free publication journal is legitimate:

Mission statement —The mission statement for an OA journal should be available on their website.

Publication history —Is the journal well established? How long has it been available?

Editorial board —Who are the members of the editorial board, and what are their credentials?

Indexing —Can the journal be found in a reliable database?

Peer review —What is the peer review process? Does the journal allow enough time in the process for a reliable assessment of quality?

Impact factor —What is the average number of times the journal is cited over a two-year period?

Features of Illegitimate OA Journals

There are predatory publications that take advantage of the OA format, and they are something to be wary of. Here are some things to look out for:

Contact information —Is contact information provided? Can it be verified?

Turnaround —If the journal makes dubious claims about the amount of time from submission to publication, it is likely unreliable.

Editorial board —Much like determining legitimacy, looking at the editorial board and their credentials can help determine illegitimacy.

Indexing —Can the journal be found in any scholarly databases?

Peer review —Is there a statement about the peer review process? Does it fit what you know about peer review?

How to Find Scholarly Articles

Identify keywords.

Keywords are included in an article by the author. Keywords are an excellent way to find content relevant to your research topic or area of interest. In academic searches, much like you would on a search engine, you can use keywords to navigate through what is available to find exactly what you're looking for.

Authors provide keywords that will help you easily find their article when researching a related topic, often including general terms to accommodate broader searches, as well as some more specific terms for those with a narrower scope. Keywords can be used individually or in combination to refine your scholarly article search.

Narrow Down Results

Sometimes, search results can be overwhelming, and searching for free articles on a journal database is no exception, but there are multiple ways to narrow down your results. A good place to start is discipline.

What category does your topic fall into (psychology, architecture, machine learning, etc.)? You can also narrow down your search with a year range if you're looking for articles that are more recent.

A Boolean search can be incredibly helpful. This entails including terms like AND between two keywords in your search if you need both keywords to be in your results (or, if you are looking to exclude certain keywords, to exclude these words from the results).

Consider Different Avenues

If you're not having luck using keywords in your search for free articles, you may still be able to find what you're looking for by changing your tactics. Casting a wider net sometimes yields positive results, so it may be helpful to try searching by subject if keywords aren't getting you anywhere.

You can search for a specific publisher to see if they have OA publications in the academic journal database. And, if you know more precisely what you're looking for, you can search for the title of the article or the author's name.

The Top 21 Free Online Journal and Research Databases

Navigating OA journals, research article databases, and academic websites trying to find high-quality sources for your research can really make your head spin. What constitutes a reliable database? What is a useful resource for your discipline and research topic? How can you find and access full-text, peer-reviewed articles?

Fortunately, we're here to help. Having covered some of the ins and outs of peer review, OA journals, and how to search for articles, we have compiled a list of the top 21 free online journals and the best research databases. This list of databases is a great resource to help you navigate the wide world of academic research.

These databases provide a variety of free sources, from abstracts and citations to full-text, peer-reviewed OA journals. With databases covering specific areas of research and interdisciplinary databases that provide a variety of material, these are some of our favorite free databases, and they're totally legit!

CORE is a multidisciplinary aggregator of OA research. CORE has the largest collection of OA articles available. It allows users to search more than 219 million OA articles. While most of these link to the full-text article on the original publisher's site, or to a PDF available for download, five million records are hosted directly on CORE.

CORE's mission statement is a simple and straightforward commitment to offering OA articles to anyone, anywhere in the world. They also host communities that are available for researchers to join and an ambassador community to enhance their services globally. In addition to a straightforward keyword search, CORE offers advanced search options to filter results by publication type, year, language, journal, repository, and author.

CORE's user interface is easy to use and navigate. Search results can be sorted based on relevance or recency, and you can search for relevant content directly from the results screen.

Collection: 219,537,133 OA articles

Other Services: Additional services are available from CORE, with extras that are geared toward researchers, repositories, and businesses. There are tools for accessing raw data, including an API that provides direct access to data, datasets that are available for download, and FastSync for syncing data content from the CORE database.

CORE has a recommender plug-in that suggests relevant OA content in the database while conducting a search and a discovery feature that helps you discover OA versions of paywalled articles. Other features include tools for managing content, such as a dashboard for managing repository output and the Repository Edition service to enhance discoverability.

Good Source of Peer-Reviewed Articles: Yes

Advanced Search Options: Language, author, journal, publisher, repository, DOI, year

2. ScienceOpen

Functioning as a research and publishing network, ScienceOpen offers OA to more than 74 million articles in all areas of science. Although you do need to register to view the full text of articles, registration is free. The advanced search function is highly detailed, allowing you to find exactly the research you're looking for.

The Berlin- and Boston-based company was founded in 2013 to "facilitate open and public communications between academics and to allow ideas to be judged on their merit, regardless of where they come from." Search results can be exported for easy integration with reference management systems.

You can also bookmark articles for later research. There are extensive networking options, including your Science Open profile, a forum for interacting with other researchers, the ability to track your usage and citations, and an interactive bibliography. Users have the ability to review articles and provide their knowledge and insight within the community.

Collection: 74,560,631

Other Services: None

Advanced Search Options:  Content type, source, author, journal, discipline

3. Directory of Open Access Journals

A multidisciplinary, community-curated directory, the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) gives researchers access to high-quality peer-reviewed journals. It has archived more than two million articles from 17,193 journals, allowing you to either browse by subject or search by keyword.

The site was launched in 2003 with the aim of increasing the visibility of OA scholarly journals online. Content on the site covers subjects from science, to law, to fine arts, and everything in between. DOAJ has a commitment to "increase the visibility, accessibility, reputation, usage and impact of quality, peer-reviewed, OA scholarly research journals globally, regardless of discipline, geography or language."

Information about the journal is available with each search result. Abstracts are also available in a collapsible format directly from the search screen. The scholarly article website is somewhat simple, but it is easy to navigate. There are 16 principles of transparency and best practices in scholarly publishing that clearly outline DOAJ policies and standards.

Collection: 6,817,242

Advanced Search Options:  Subject, journal, year

4. Education Resources Information Center

The Education Resources Information Center (ERIC) of the Institution of Education Sciences allows you to search by topic for material related to the field of education. Links lead to other sites, where you may have to purchase the information, but you can search for full-text articles only. You can also search only peer-reviewed sources.

The service primarily indexes journals, gray literature (such as technical reports, white papers, and government documents), and books. All sources of material on ERIC go through a formal review process prior to being indexed. ERIC's selection policy is available as a PDF on their website.

The ERIC website has an extensive FAQ section to address user questions. This includes categories like general questions, peer review, and ERIC content. There are also tips for advanced searches, as well as general guidance on the best way to search the database. ERIC is an excellent database for content specific to education.

Collection: 1,292,897

Advanced Search Options: Boolean

5. arXiv e-Print Archive

The arXiv e-Print Archive is run by Cornell University Library and curated by volunteer moderators, and it now offers OA to more than one million e-prints.

There are advisory committees for all eight subjects available on the database. With a stated commitment to an "emphasis on openness, collaboration, and scholarship," the arXiv e-Print Archive is an excellent STEM resource.

The interface is not as user-friendly as some of the other databases available, and the website hosts a blog to provide news and updates, but it is otherwise a straightforward math and science resource. There are simple and advanced search options, and, in addition to conducting searches for specific topics and articles, users can browse content by subject. The arXiv e-Print Archive clearly states that they do not peer review the e-prints in the database.

Collection: 1,983,891

Good Source of Peer-Reviewed Articles: No

Advanced Search Options:  Subject, date, title, author, abstract, DOI

6. Social Science Research Network

The Social Science Research Network (SSRN) is a collection of papers from the social sciences community. It is a highly interdisciplinary platform used to search for scholarly articles related to 67 social science topics. SSRN has a variety of research networks for the various topics available through the free scholarly database.

The site offers more than 700,000 abstracts and more than 600,000 full-text papers. There is not yet a specific option to search for only full-text articles, but, because most of the papers on the site are free access, it's not often that you encounter a paywall. There is currently no option to search for only peer-reviewed articles.

You must become a member to use the services, but registration is free and enables you to interact with other scholars around the world. SSRN is "passionately committed to increasing inclusion, diversity and equity in scholarly research," and they encourage and discuss the use of inclusive language in scholarship whenever possible.

Collection: 1,058,739 abstracts; 915,452 articles

Advanced Search Options: Term, author, date, network

7. Public Library of Science

Public Library of Science (PLOS) is a big player in the world of OA science. Publishing 12 OA journals, the nonprofit organization is committed to facilitating openness in academic research. According to the site, "all PLOS content is at the highest possible level of OA, meaning that scientific articles are immediately and freely available to anyone, anywhere."

PLOS outlines four fundamental goals that guide the organization: break boundaries, empower researchers, redefine quality, and open science. All PLOS journals are peer-reviewed, and all 12 journals uphold rigorous ethical standards for research, publication, and scientific reporting.

PLOS does not offer advanced search options. Content is organized by topic into research communities that users can browse through, in addition to options to search for both articles and journals. The PLOS website also has resources for peer reviewers, including guidance on becoming a reviewer and on how to best participate in the peer review process.

Collection: 12 journals

Advanced Search Options: None

8. OpenDOAR

OpenDOAR, or the Directory of Open Access Repositories, is a comprehensive resource for finding free OA journals and articles. Using Google Custom Search, OpenDOAR combs through OA repositories around the world and returns relevant research in all disciplines.

The repositories it searches through are assessed and categorized by OpenDOAR staff to ensure they meet quality standards. Inclusion criteria for the database include requirements for OA content, global access, and categorically appropriate content, in addition to various other quality assurance measures. OpenDOAR has metadata, data, content, preservation, and submission policies for repositories, in addition to two OA policy statements regarding minimum and optimum recommendations.

This database allows users to browse and search repositories, which can then be selected, and articles and data can be accessed from the repository directly. As a repository database, much of the content on the site is geared toward the support of repositories and OA standards.

Collection: 5,768 repositories

Other Services: OpenDOAR offers a variety of additional services. Given the nature of the platform, services are primarily aimed at repositories and institutions, and there is a marked focus on OA in general. Sherpa services are OA archiving tools for authors and institutions.

They also offer various resources for OA support and compliance regarding standards and policies. The publication router matches publications and publishers with appropriate repositories.

There are also services and resources from JISC for repositories for cost management, discoverability, research impact, and interoperability, including ORCID consortium membership information. Additionally, a repository self-assessment tool is available for members.

Advanced Search Options:  Name, organization name, repository type, software name, content type, subject, country, region

9. Bielefeld Academic Search Engine

The Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE) is operated by the Bielefeld University Library in Germany, and it offers more than 240 million documents from more than 8,000 sources. Sixty percent of its content is OA, and you can filter your search accordingly.

BASE has rigorous inclusion requirements for content providers regarding quality and relevance, and they maintain a list of content providers for the sake of transparency, which can be easily found on their website. BASE has a fairly elegant interface. Search results can be organized by author, title, or date.

From the search results, items can be selected and exported, added to favorites, emailed, and searched in Google Scholar. There are basic and advanced search features, with the advanced search offering numerous options for refining search criteria. There is also a feature on the website that saves recent searches without additional steps from the user.

Collection: 276,019,066 documents; 9,286 content providers

Advanced Search Options:  Author, subject, year, content provider, language, document type, access, terms of reuse

Research Databases

10. Digital Library of the Commons Repository

Run by Indiana University, the Digital Library of the Commons (DLC) Repository is a multidisciplinary journal repository that allows users to access thousands of free and OA articles from around the world. You can browse by document type, date, author, title, and more or search for keywords relevant to your topic.

DCL also offers the Comprehensive Bibliography of the Commons, an image database, and a keyword thesaurus for enhanced search parameters. The repository includes books, book chapters, conference papers, journal articles, surveys, theses and dissertations, and working papers. DCL advanced search features drop-down menus of search types with built-in Boolean search options.

Searches can be sorted by relevance, title, date, or submission date in ascending or descending order. Abstracts are included in selected search results, with access to full texts available, and citations can be exported from the same page. Additionally, the image database search includes tips for better search results.

Collection: 10,784

Advanced Search Options:  Author, date, title, subject, sector, region, conference

11. CIA World Factbook

The CIA World Factbook is a little different from the other resources on this list in that it is not an online journal directory or repository. It is, however, a useful free online research database for academics in a variety of disciplines.

All the information is free to access, and it provides facts about every country in the world, which are organized by category and include information about history, geography, transportation, and much more. The World Factbook can be searched by country or region, and there is also information about the world’s oceans.

This site contains resources related to the CIA as an organization rather than being a scientific journal database specifically. The site has a user interface that is easy to navigate. The site also provides a section for updates regarding changes to what information is available and how it is organized, making it easier to interact with the information you are searching for.

Collection: 266 countries

12. Paperity

Paperity boasts its status as the "first multidisciplinary aggregator of OA journals and papers." Their focus is on helping you avoid paywalls while connecting you to authoritative research. In addition to providing readers with easy access to thousands of journals, Paperity seeks to help authors reach their audiences and help journals increase their exposure to boost readership.

Paperity has journal articles for every discipline, and the database offers more than a dozen advanced search options, including the length of the paper and the number of authors. There is even an option to include, exclude, or exclusively search gray papers.

Paperity is available for mobile, with both a mobile site and the Paperity Reader, an app that is available for both Android and Apple users. The database is also available on social media. You can interact with Paperity via Twitter and Facebook, and links to their social media are available on their homepage, including their Twitter feed.

Collection: 8,837,396

Advanced Search Options: Title, abstract, journal title, journal ISSN, publisher, year of publication, number of characters, number of authors, DOI, author, affiliation, language, country, region, continent, gray papers

13. dblp Computer Science Bibliography

The dblp Computer Science Bibliography is an online index of major computer science publications. dblp was founded in 1993, though until 2010 it was a university-specific database at the University of Trier in Germany. It is currently maintained by the Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz Center for Informatics.

Although it provides access to both OA articles and those behind a paywall, you can limit your search to only OA articles. The site indexes more than three million publications, making it an invaluable resource in the world of computer science. dblp entries are color-coded based on the type of item.

dblp has an extensive FAQ section, so questions that might arise about topics like the database itself, navigating the website, or the data on dblp, in addition to several other topics, are likely to be answered. The website also hosts a blog and has a section devoted to website statistics.

Collection: 5,884,702

14. EconBiz

EconBiz is a great resource for economic and business studies. A service of the Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, it offers access to full texts online, with the option of searching for OA material only. Their literature search is performed across multiple international databases.

EconBiz has an incredibly useful research skills section, with resources such as Guided Walk, a service to help students and researchers navigate searches, evaluate sources, and correctly cite references; the Research Guide EconDesk, a help desk to answer specific questions and provide advice to aid in literature searches; and the Academic Career Kit for what they refer to as Early Career Researchers.

Other helpful resources include personal literature lists, a calendar of events for relevant calls for papers, conferences, and workshops, and an economics terminology thesaurus to help in finding keywords for searches. To stay up-to-date with EconBiz, you can sign up for their newsletter.

Collection: 1,075,219

Advanced Search Options:  Title, subject, author, institution, ISBN/ISSN, journal, publisher, language, OA only

15. BioMed Central

BioMed Central provides OA research from more than 300 peer-reviewed journals. While originally focused on resources related to the physical sciences, math, and engineering, BioMed Central has branched out to include journals that cover a broader range of disciplines, with the aim of providing a single platform that provides OA articles for a variety of research needs. You can browse these journals by subject or title, or you can search all articles for your required keyword.

BioMed Central has a commitment to peer-reviewed sources and to the peer review process itself, continually seeking to help and improve the peer review process. They're "committed to maintaining high standards through full and stringent peer review." They publish the journal Research Integrity and Peer Review , which publishes research on the subject.

Additionally, the website includes resources to assist and support editors as part of their commitment to providing high-quality, peer-reviewed OA articles.

Collection: 507,212

Other Services: BMC administers the International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number (ISRCTN) registry. While initially designed for registering clinical trials, since its creation in 2000, the registry has broadened its scope to include other health studies as well.

The registry is recognized by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, as well as the World Health Organization (WHO), and it meets the requirements established by the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform.

The study records included in the registry are all searchable and free to access. The ISRCTN registry "supports transparency in clinical research, helps reduce selective reporting of results and ensures an unbiased and complete evidence base."

Advanced Search Options:  Author, title, journal, list

A multidisciplinary search engine, JURN provides links to various scholarly websites, articles, and journals that are free to access or OA. Covering the fields of the arts, humanities, business, law, nature, science, and medicine, JURN has indexed almost 5,000 repositories to help you find exactly what you're looking for.

Search features are enhanced by Google, but searches are filtered through their index of repositories. JURN seeks to reach a wide audience, with their search engine tailored to researchers from "university lecturers and students seeking a strong search tool for OA content" and "advanced and ambitious students, age 14-18" to "amateur historians and biographers" and "unemployed and retired lecturers."

That being said, JURN is very upfront about its limitations. They admit to not being a good resource for educational studies, social studies, or psychology, and conference archives are generally not included due to frequently unstable URLs.

Collection: 5,064 indexed journals

Other Services: JURN has a browser add-on called UserScript. This add-on allows users to integrate the JURN database directly into Google Search. When performing a search through Google, the add-on creates a link that sends the search directly to JURN CSE. JURN CSE is a search service that is hosted by Google.

Clicking the link from the Google Search bar will run your search through the JURN database from the Google homepage. There is also an interface for a DuckDuckGo search box; while this search engine has an emphasis on user privacy, for smaller sites that may be indexed by JURN, DuckDuckGo may not provide the same depth of results.

Advanced Search Options:  Google search modifiers

Dryad is a digital repository of curated, OA scientific research data. Launched in 2009, it is run by a not-for-profit membership organization, with a community of institutional and publisher members for whom their services have been designed. Members include institutions such as Stanford, UCLA, and Yale, as well as publishers like Oxford University Press and Wiley.

Dryad aims to "promote a world where research data is openly available, integrated with the scholarly literature, and routinely reused to create knowledge." It is free to access for the search and discovery of data. Their user experience is geared toward easy self-depositing, supports Creative Commons licensing, and provides DOIs for all their content.

Note that there is a publishing charge associated if you wish to publish your data in Dryad. When searching datasets, they are accompanied by author information and abstracts for the associated studies, and citation information is provided for easy attribution.

Collection: 44,458

Advanced Search Options: No

Run by the British Library, the E-Theses Online Service (EThOS) allows you to search over 500,000 doctoral theses in a variety of disciplines. All of the doctoral theses available on EThOS have been awarded by higher education institutions in the United Kingdom.

Although some full texts are behind paywalls, you can limit your search to items available for immediate download, either directly through EThOS or through an institution's website. More than half of the records in the database provide access to full-text theses.

EThOS notes that they do not hold all records for all institutions, but they strive to index as many doctoral theses as possible, and the database is constantly expanding, with approximately 3,000 new records added and 2,000 new full-text theses available every month. The availability of full-text theses is dependent on multiple factors, including their availability in the institutional repository and the level of repository development.

Collection: 500,000+

Advanced Search Options:  Abstract, author's first name, author's last name, awarding body, current institution, EThOS ID, year, language, qualifications, research supervisor, sponsor/funder, keyword, title

PubMed is a research platform well-known in the fields of science and medicine. It was created and developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM). It has been available since 1996 and offers access to "more than 33 million citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books."

While PubMed does not provide full-text articles directly, and many full-text articles may be behind paywalls or require subscriptions to access them, when articles are available from free sources, such as through PubMed Central (PMC), those links are provided with the citations and abstracts that PubMed does provide.

PMC, which was established in 2000 by the NLM, is a free full-text archive that includes more than 6,000,000 records. PubMed records link directly to corresponding PMC results. PMC content is provided by publishers and other content owners, digitization projects, and authors directly.

Collection: 33,000,000+

Advanced Search Options: Author's first name, author's last name, identifier, corporation, date completed, date created, date entered, date modified, date published, MeSH, book, conflict of interest statement, EC/RN number, editor, filter, grant number, page number, pharmacological action, volume, publication type, publisher, secondary source ID, text, title, abstract, transliterated title

20. Semantic Scholar

A unique and easy-to-use resource, Semantic Scholar defines itself not just as a research database but also as a "search and discovery tool." Semantic Scholar harnesses the power of artificial intelligence to efficiently sort through millions of science-related papers based on your search terms.

Through this singular application of machine learning, Semantic Scholar expands search results to include topic overviews based on your search terms, with the option to create an alert for or further explore the topic. It also provides links to related topics.

In addition, search results produce "TLDR" summaries in order to provide concise overviews of articles and enhance your research by helping you to navigate quickly and easily through the available literature to find the most relevant information. According to the site, although some articles are behind paywalls, "the data [they] have for those articles is limited," so you can expect to receive mostly full-text results.

Collection: 203,379,033

Other Services: Semantic Scholar supports multiple popular browsers. Content can be accessed through both mobile and desktop versions of Firefox, Microsoft Edge, Google Chrome, Apple Safari, and Opera.

Additionally, Semantic Scholar provides browser extensions for both Chrome and Firefox, so AI-powered scholarly search results are never more than a click away. The mobile interface includes an option for Semantic Swipe, a new way of interacting with your research results.

There are also beta features that can be accessed as part of the Beta Program, which will provide you with features that are being actively developed and require user feedback for further improvement.

Advanced Search Options: Field of study, date range, publication type, author, journal, conference, PDF

Zenodo, powered by the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), was launched in 2013. Taking its name from Zenodotus, the first librarian of the ancient library of Alexandria, Zenodo is a tool "built and developed by researchers, to ensure that everyone can join in open science." Zenodo accepts all research from every discipline in any file format.

However, Zenodo also curates uploads and promotes peer-reviewed material that is available through OA. A DOI is assigned to everything that is uploaded to Zenodo, making research easily findable and citable. You can sort by keyword, title, journal, and more and download OA documents directly from the site.

While there are closed access and restricted access items in the database, the vast majority of research is OA material. Search results can be filtered by access type, making it easy to view the free articles available in the database.

Collection: 2,220,000+

Advanced Search Options:  Access, file type, keywords

Check out our roundup of free research databases as a handy one-page PDF.

How to find peer-reviewed articles.

There are a lot of free scholarly articles available from various sources. The internet is a big place. So how do you go about finding peer-reviewed articles when conducting your research? It's important to make sure you are using reputable sources.

The first source of the article is the person or people who wrote it. Checking out the author can give you some initial insight into how much you can trust what you’re reading. Looking into the publication information of your sources can also indicate whether the article is reliable.

Aspects of the article, such as subject and audience, tone, and format, are other things you can look at when evaluating whether the article you're using is valid, reputable, peer-reviewed material. So, let's break that down into various components so you can assess your research to ensure that you're using quality articles and conducting solid research.

Check the Author

Peer-reviewed articles are written by experts or scholars with experience in the field or discipline they're writing about. The research in a peer-reviewed article has to pass a rigorous evaluation process, so it’s a foregone conclusion that the author(s) of a peer-reviewed article should have experience or training related to that research.

When evaluating an article, take a look at the author’s information. What credentials does the author have to indicate that their research has scholarly weight behind it? Finding out what type of degree the author has—and what that degree is in—can provide insight into what kind of authority the author is on the subject.

Something else that might lend credence to the author’s scholarly role is their professional affiliation. A look at what organization or institution they are affiliated with can tell you a lot about their experience or expertise. Where were they trained, and who is verifying their research?

Identify Subject and Audience

The ultimate goal of a study is to answer a question. Scholarly articles are also written for scholarly audiences, especially articles that have gone through the peer review process. This means that the author is trying to reach experts, researchers, academics, and students in the field or topic the research is based on.

Think about the question the author is trying to answer by conducting this research, why, and for whom. What is the subject of the article? What question has it set out to answer? What is the purpose of finding the information? Is the purpose of the article of importance to other scholars? Is it original content?

Research should also be approached analytically. Is the methodology sound? Is the author using an analytical approach to evaluate the data that they have obtained? Are the conclusions they've reached substantiated by their data and analysis? Answering these questions can reveal a lot about the article’s validity.

Format Matters

Reliable articles from peer-reviewed sources have certain format elements to be aware of. The first is an abstract. An abstract is a short summary or overview of the article. Does the article have an abstract? It's unlikely that you're reading a peer-reviewed article if it doesn’t. Peer-reviewed journals will also have a word count range. If an article seems far too short or incredibly long, that may be reason to doubt it.

Another feature of reliable articles is the sections the information is divided into. Peer-reviewed research articles will have clear, concise sections that appropriately organize the information. This might include a literature review, methodology, and results in the case of research articles and a conclusion.

One of the most important sections is the references or bibliography. This is where the researcher lists all the sources of their information. A peer-reviewed source will have a comprehensive reference section.

An article that has been written to reach an academic community will have an academic tone. The language that is used, and the way this language is used, is important to consider. If the article is riddled with grammatical errors, confusing syntax, and casual language, it almost definitely didn't make it through the peer review process.

Also consider the use of terminology. Every discipline is going to have standard terminology or jargon that can be used and understood by other academics in the discipline. The language in a peer-reviewed article is going to reflect that.

If the author is going out of their way to explain simple terms, or terms that are standard to the field or discipline, it's unlikely that the article has been peer reviewed, as this is something that the author would be asked to address during the review process.

Publication

The source of the article will be a very good indicator of the likelihood that it was peer reviewed. Where was the article published? Was it published alongside other academic articles in the same discipline? Is it a legitimate and reputable scholarly publication?

A trade publication or newspaper might be legitimate or reputable, but it is not a scholarly source, and it will not have been subject to the peer review process. Scholarly journals are the best resource for peer-reviewed articles, but it's important to remember that not all scholarly journals are peer reviewed.

It’s helpful to look at a scholarly source’s website, as peer-reviewed journals will have a clear indication of the peer review process. University libraries, institutional repositories, and reliable databases (and you now might have a list of some legit ones) can also help provide insight into whether an article comes from a peer-reviewed journal.

Free Online Journal

Common Research Mistakes to Avoid

Research is a lot of work. Even with high standards and good intentions, it’s easy to make mistakes. Perhaps you searched for access to scientific journals for free and found the perfect peer-reviewed sources, but you forgot to document everything, and your references are a mess. Or, you only searched for free online articles and missed out on a ground-breaking study that was behind a paywall.

Whether your research is for a degree or to get published or to satisfy your own inquisitive nature, or all of the above, you want all that work to produce quality results. You want your research to be thorough and accurate.

To have any hope of contributing to the literature on your research topic, your results need to be high quality. You might not be able to avoid every potential mistake, but here are some that are both common and easy to avoid.

Sticking to One Source

One of the hallmarks of good research is a healthy reference section. Using a variety of sources gives you a better answer to your question. Even if all of the literature is in agreement, looking at various aspects of the topic may provide you with an entirely different picture than you would have if you looked at your research question from only one angle.

Not Documenting Every Fact

As you conduct your research, do yourself a favor and write everything down. Everything you include in your paper or article that you got from another source is going to need to be added to your references and cited.

It's important, especially if your aim is to conduct ethical, high-quality research, that all of your research has proper attribution. If you don't document as you go, you could end up making a lot of work for yourself if the information you don’t write down is something that later, as you write your paper, you really need.

Using Outdated Materials

Academia is an ever-changing landscape. What was true in your academic discipline or area of research ten years ago may have since been disproven. If fifteen studies have come out since the article that you're using was published, it's more than a little likely that you're going to be basing your research on flawed or dated information.

If the information you're basing your research on isn’t as up-to-date as possible, your research won't be of quality or able to stand up to any amount of scrutiny. You don’t want all of your hard work to be for naught.

Relying Solely on Open Access Journals

OA is a great resource for conducting academic research. There are high-quality journal articles available through OA, and that can be very helpful for your research. But, just because you have access to free articles, that doesn't mean that there's nothing to be found behind a paywall.

Just as dismissing high-quality peer-reviewed articles because they are OA would be limiting, not exploring any paid content at all is equally short-sighted. If you're seeking to conduct thorough and comprehensive research, exploring all of your options for quality sources is going to be to your benefit.

Digging Too Deep or Not Deep Enough

Research is an art form, and it involves a delicate balance of information. If you conduct your research using only broad search terms, you won't be able to answer your research question well, or you'll find that your research provides information that is closely related to your topic but, ultimately, your findings are vague and unsubstantiated.

On the other hand, if you delve deeply into your research topic with specific searches and turn up too many sources, you might have a lot of information that is adjacent to your topic but without focus and perhaps not entirely relevant. It's important to answer your research question concisely but thoroughly.

Different Types of Scholarly Articles

Different types of scholarly articles have different purposes. An original research article, also called an empirical article, is the product of a study or an experiment. This type of article seeks to answer a question or fill a gap in the existing literature.

Research articles will have a methodology, results, and a discussion of the findings of the experiment or research and typically a conclusion.

Review articles overview the current literature and research and provide a summary of what the existing research indicates or has concluded. This type of study will have a section for the literature review, as well as a discussion of the findings of that review. Review articles will have a particularly extensive reference or bibliography section.

Theoretical articles draw on existing literature to create new theories or conclusions, or look at current theories from a different perspective, to contribute to the foundational knowledge of the field of study.

10 Tips for Navigating Journal Databases

Use the right academic journal database for your search, be that interdisciplinary or specific to your field. Or both!

If it’s an option, set the search results to return only peer-reviewed sources.

Start by using search terms that are relevant to your topic without being overly specific.

Try synonyms, especially if your keywords aren’t returning the desired results.

Scholarly Journal Articles

Even if you’ve found some good articles, try searching using different terms.

Explore the advanced search features of the database(s).

Learn to use Booleans (AND, OR, NOT) to expand or narrow your results.

Once you’ve gotten some good results from a more general search, try narrowing your search.

Read through abstracts when trying to find articles relevant to your research.

Keep track of your research and use citation tools. It’ll make life easier when it comes time to compile your references.

7 Frequently Asked Questions

1. how do i get articles for free.

Free articles can be found through free online academic journals, OA databases, or other databases that include OA journals and articles. These resources allow you to access free papers online so you can conduct your research without getting stuck behind a paywall.

Academics don’t receive payment for the articles they contribute to journals. There are often, in fact, publication fees that scholars pay in order to publish. This is one of the funding structures that allows OA journals to provide free content so that you don’t have to pay fees or subscription costs to access journal articles.

2. How Do I Find Journal Articles?

Journal articles can be found in databases and institutional repositories that can be accessed at university libraries. However, online research databases that contain OA articles are the best resource for getting free access to journal articles that are available online.

Peer-reviewed journal articles are the best to use for academic research, and there are a number of databases where you can find peer-reviewed OA journal articles. Once you've found a useful article, you can look through the references for the articles the author used to conduct their research, and you can then search online databases for those articles, too.

3. How Do I Find Peer-Reviewed Articles?

Peer-reviewed articles can be found in reputable scholarly peer-reviewed journals. High-quality journals and journal articles can be found online using academic search engines and free research databases. These resources are excellent for finding OA articles, including peer-reviewed articles.

OA articles are articles that can be accessed for free. While some scholarly search engines and databases include articles that aren't peer reviewed, there are also some that provide only peer-reviewed articles, and databases that include non-peer-reviewed articles often have advanced search features that enable you to select “peer review only.” The database will return results that are exclusively peer-reviewed content.

4. What Are Research Databases?

A research database is a list of journals, articles, datasets, and/or abstracts that allows you to easily search for scholarly and academic resources and conduct research online. There are databases that are interdisciplinary and cover a variety of topics.

For example, Paperity might be a great resource for a chemist as well as a linguist, and there are databases that are more specific to a certain field. So, while ERIC might be one of the best educational databases available for OA content, it's not going to be one of the best databases for finding research in the field of microbiology.

5. How Do I Find Scholarly Articles for Specific Fields?

There are interdisciplinary research databases that provide articles in a variety of fields, as well as research databases that provide articles that cater to specific disciplines. Additionally, a journal repository or index can be a helpful resource for finding articles in a specific field.

When searching an interdisciplinary database, there are frequently advanced search features that allow you to narrow the search results down so that they are specific to your field. Selecting “psychology” in the advanced search features will return psychology journal articles in your search results. You can also try databases that are specific to your field.

If you're searching for law journal articles, many law reviews are OA. If you don’t know of any databases specific to history, visiting a journal repository or index and searching “history academic journals” can return a list of journals specific to history and provide you with a place to begin your research.

6. Are Peer-Reviewed Articles Really More Legitimate?

The short answer is yes, peer-reviewed articles are more legitimate resources for academic research. The peer review process provides legitimacy, as it is a rigorous review of the content of an article that is performed by scholars and academics who are experts in their field of study. The review provides an evaluation of the quality and credibility of the article.

Non-peer-reviewed articles are not subject to a review process and do not undergo the same level of scrutiny. This means that non-peer-reviewed articles are unlikely, or at least not as likely, to meet the same standards that peer-reviewed articles do.

7. Are Free Article Directories Legitimate?

Yes! As with anything, some databases are going to be better for certain requirements than others. But, a scholarly article database being free is not a reason in itself to question its legitimacy.

Free scholarly article databases can provide access to abstracts, scholarly article websites, journal repositories, and high-quality peer-reviewed journal articles. The internet has a lot of information, and it's often challenging to figure out what information is reliable. 

Research databases and article directories are great resources to help you conduct your research. Our list of the best research paper websites is sure to provide you with sources that are totally legit.

Get Professional Academic Editing

Hire an expert academic editor , or get a free sample, about the author.

Scribendi Editing and Proofreading

Scribendi's in-house editors work with writers from all over the globe to perfect their writing. They know that no piece of writing is complete without a professional edit, and they love to see a good piece of writing transformed into a great one. Scribendi's in-house editors are unrivaled in both experience and education, having collectively edited millions of words and obtained numerous degrees. They love consuming caffeinated beverages, reading books of various genres, and relaxing in quiet, dimly lit spaces.

Have You Read?

"The Complete Beginner's Guide to Academic Writing"

Related Posts

How to Write a Research Proposal

How to Write a Research Proposal

How to Write a Scientific Paper

How to Write a Scientific Paper

How to Write a Thesis or Dissertation

How to Write a Thesis or Dissertation

Upload your file(s) so we can calculate your word count, or enter your word count manually.

We will also recommend a service based on the file(s) you upload.

English is not my first language. I need English editing and proofreading so that I sound like a native speaker.

I need to have my journal article, dissertation, or term paper edited and proofread, or I need help with an admissions essay or proposal.

I have a novel, manuscript, play, or ebook. I need editing, copy editing, proofreading, a critique of my work, or a query package.

I need editing and proofreading for my white papers, reports, manuals, press releases, marketing materials, and other business documents.

I need to have my essay, project, assignment, or term paper edited and proofread.

I want to sound professional and to get hired. I have a resume, letter, email, or personal document that I need to have edited and proofread.

 Prices include your personal % discount.

 Prices include % sales tax ( ).

download research papers site

download research papers site

Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.

To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to  upgrade your browser .

Download 47 million PDFs for free

Explore our top research interests.

download research papers site

Engineering

download research papers site

Anthropology

download research papers site

  • Earth Sciences

download research papers site

  • Computer Science

download research papers site

  • Mathematics

download research papers site

  • Health Sciences

download research papers site

Join 252 million academics and researchers

Accelerate your research, streamline your discovery of relevant research.

Get access to 47+ million research papers and stay informed with important topics through courses.

Grow Your Audience

Build your success and track your impact.

Share your work with other academics, grow your audience, and track your impact on your field with our robust analytics.

Unlock the most powerful tools with Academia Premium

download research papers site

Work faster and smarter with advanced research discovery tools

Search the full text and citations of our millions of papers. Download groups of related papers to jumpstart your research. Save time with detailed summaries and search alerts.

  • Advanced Search
  • PDF Packages of 37 papers
  • Summaries and Search Alerts

download research papers site

Share your work, track your impact, and grow your audience

Get notified when other academics mention you or cite your papers. Track your impact with in-depth analytics and network with members of your field.

  • Mentions and Citations Tracking
  • Advanced Analytics
  • Publishing Tools

Real stories from real people

download research papers site

Used by academics at over 16,000 universities

download research papers site

Get started and find the best quality research

  • Academia.edu Publishing
  •   We're Hiring!
  •   Help Center
  • Find new research papers in:
  • Cognitive Science
  • Academia ©2024
  • Resources Research Proposals --> Industrial Updates Webinar - Research Meet
  • Countries-Served
  • Add-on-services

ResearchBrains : The Benefits Of Researchbrains | PhD Assistance | Research Implementation

Text particle

feel free to change the value of the variable "message"

ResearchBrains : The Benefits Of Researchbrains | PhD Assistance | Research Implementation

Top 11 Websites for Free Research Paper Downloads

website for research paper download

For PhD researchers, it’s critical to gather and read research publications that are pertinent to their areas of study. However, downloading a research paper is one of the most challenging chores for any research scholar. To gain access to high-quality research resources, one needs to pay a fee or subscribe to a journal or publication. In this post, We have shown you how to get a research paper for free.

Sci-Hub was originally launched by Alexandra Elbakyan, a Kazakhstani graduate student, in 2011. It is a website known for providing access to various academic articles and papers using educational institution access and its own collection of downloaded articles and papers. In fact, you can download almost 99% of all scientific papers and articles in existence on Sci-Hub.

Many internet service providers (especially in developed countries) have blocked it at present.  Sci-Hub’s own statistics show that the chances of a request for download being successful are 99%. It processes more than 200,000 requests every day.

How to use Sci-Hub?

  • Visit https://sci-hub.se/ (Use a VPN to access it if blocked.) You can also checkout Visit: Working Sci-Hub Proxy Links – 2022 ( https://www.ilovephd.com/working-sci-hub-proxy-links-updated/ )
  • Enter the full name of the DOI, URL, or URL in the paper that you would like to download.
  • Select”Open” or click the “Open” click.

2. Library Genesis

Library Genesis (Libgen) is a file-sharing based shadow library website for scholarly journal articles, academic and general-interest books, images, comics, audiobooks, and magazines. The site enables free access to content that is otherwise paywalled or not digitized elsewhere. This website was threatened with legal action by Elsevier one of the largest publishing companies of technical, scientific medical and scientific research papers in the year 2015.

You can find a research paper or book on Library Genesis by following the steps given below:

  • Visit Library Genesis’ official website (libgen.li).
  • Type the name of whatever you’re looking for into the search field, and click the “search!” button.
  • Click on the name of a book or research paper in the list of results, and choose one of the available mirrors.
  • Proceed to download the book or research paper and save it to your device.

3. Z-Library

Z-Library is a clone of Library Genesis, a shadow library project that allows users to share scholarly journal articles, academic texts, and general-interest books via file sharing (some of which are pirated). The majority of its books come from Library Genesis, however, some are posted directly to the site by individuals.

Individuals can also donate to the website’s repository to make literature more widely available. Z-library claims to have more than 10,139,382 Books and 84,837,646 Articles articles as of April 25, 2022.

The steps to download Z-Library books for free are as follows:

Step 1: Go to the Z-Library website ( https://singlelogin.me/ )  and Sign In.

Step 2: Browse through the categories or use the search bar to find the book you want.

Step 3: Click on the book to open it.

Step 4: Click on the download button to download the book.

4. Unpaywall

This is a huge database that contains more than 21 million academic works from over fifty thousand content repositories as well as publishers. The content in the database is replicated from government resources so downloading them is legal. The authors claim they are able to access around 80-85 percent of all scientific papers accessible on their website. 

You can utilize Google’s Chrome extension to quickly get them at any time. 

In order to do this, you have to follow the instructions listed below:

  • Visit https://unpaywall.org/products/extension
  • Select on the “Add the Chrome” button. Chrome” option.
  • Simply click “Add the store to Chrome” in the Chrome Web Store page in addition.
  • Keep an eye on the extension until it is installed.
  • After installing the extension, it will work automatically and will appear whenever you go to the site of a paywalled research paper in the database of Unpaywall’s open databases. All you have just click on the green Unpaywall button to allow the article to be displayed immediately.

5. Directory of Open Access Journals

A multidisciplinary, community-curated directory, the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) gives researchers access to high-quality peer-reviewed journals. It has archived more than two million articles from 17,193 journals, allowing you to either browse by subject or search by keyword.

The site was launched in 2003 with the aim of increasing the visibility of OA scholarly journals online. Content on the site covers subjects from science, to law, to fine arts, and everything in between. DOAJ has a commitment to “increase the visibility, accessibility, reputation, usage and impact of quality, peer-reviewed, OA scholarly research journals globally, regardless of discipline, geography or language.”

It can be used to search for and download research papers for free:

  • Visit: https://doaj.org/
  • Input your keywords in the search field , then hit enter.
  • Choose the research paper you wish to download.
  • Hit on the “Full Text” button that is located just below the abstract.

6.ScienceOpen

ScienceOpen offers a professional network platform for academics that gives access to more than 40 million research papers from all fields of science. Although you do need to register to view the full text of articles, registration is free. The advanced search function is highly detailed, allowing you to find exactly the research you’re looking for. You can also bookmark articles for later research. There are extensive networking options, including your Science Open profile, a forum for interacting with other researchers, the ability to track your usage and citations, and an interactive bibliography. Users have the ability to review articles and provide their knowledge and insight within the community.

To search for research papers with the help of Science open:

  • Go to: http://about.scienceopen.com/ .
  • Select on the “green “Search” button located in the upper right corner.
  • Enter your search terms into the search box. In addition to the keywords, you can look up authors’ collections, journals publishers, as well as others.

OA.mg is a search engine for academic papers. Whether you are looking for a specific paper, or for research from a field, or all of an author’s works – OA.mg is the place to find it. Research papers can be found by using OA.mg by following these steps:

  • Follow the link below: https://oa.mg
  • You can enter your keywords or DOI number into the search field that is available there.
  • Select on the “search” button, and wait for results to show up.
  • In the search results Download any research document you require by clicking this link for download.

8.Citationsy Archives

Citationsy Archives allows you to look up journals and papers to download, download them, and (obviously) incorporate them into your work.It is important to note that you can access Citationsy Archives with or without an account. 

All you have to do is make a request, and it will then search for the exact phrase in all research papers around the world and show the pertinent matches to you. Click on each of them to view more information, and then access it directly from the search results. 

The platform also allows you to download the papers using a number of different and totally open access and legal options. 

Use Citationsy Archives from https://citationsy.com/archives/

CORE is the world’s largest aggregator of open access research papers from repositories and journals. It is a not-for-profit service dedicated to the open access mission. They serve the global network of repositories and journals by increasing the discoverability and reuse of open access content.

To find a research article using CORE:

  • Visit: https://core.ac.uk/
  • Enter your search terms into the search box.
  • Hit the “Search” link.
  • Select on the “Get PDF” button to download any research document you are looking for.

10. PaperPanda

PaperPanda is a Chrome extension that uses some clever logic and the Panda’s detective skills to find you the research paper PDFs you need. Essentially, when you activate PaperPanda it finds the DOI of the paper from the current page, and then goes and searches for it. It starts by querying various Open Access repositories like OpenAccessButton, OaDoi, SemanticScholar, Core, ArXiV, and the Internet Archive. You can also set your university libraries domain in the settings (this feature is in the works and coming soon). PaperPanda will then automatically search for the paper through your library. You can also set a different custom domain in the settings.

11.Dimensions

Dimensions covers millions of research publications connected by more than 1.6 billion citations, supporting grants, datasets, clinical trials, patents and policy documents. Dimensions is the most comprehensive research grants database which links grants to millions of resulting publications, clinical trials and patents.

Dimensions includes datasets from repositories such as Figshare, Dryad, Zenodo, Pangaea, and many more. It hosts millions of patents with links to other citing patents as well as to publications and supporting grants.

Visit: https://www.dimensions.ai/

https://www.scribendi.com/academy/articles/free_online_journal_and_research_databases.en.html

https://gauravtiwari.org/download-research-papers-for-free/

8 Sites to Download Research Papers for Free – 2020

https://microbiologynote.com/12-top-websites-to-download-research-papers-for-free/

14 Websites to Download Research Paper for Free – 2023

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_Genesis

Z-Library is legal? You can Download 70,000,000+ scientific articles for free

Leave a Reply Cancel reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.

download research papers site

Panda

access millions of research papers with Paper Panda

So easy to use, such a huge life saver in terms of research and assessments !! have not come across a article i can not, not read thanks to this :D so happy and has made life easier, thank you, thank you, thank you

Kenu Taiepa

One of the most useful web extensions I have ever used, Thank you to the girl on Tiktok that recommended it. I hope both sides of her pillow are cold everyday. Thank you to the developers as well. Huge thumbs up.

Ore Kayode

es muy bueno!!!! y muy útil!!! estoy literalmente llorando de la felicidad porque ahora puedo ver ensayos o artículos que antes necesitaba y no podía, y además es muy fácil de usar muy recomendado

Louis Smiles

It is soooooo amazing ,easy to use and it works like a charm. Helped me a great deal!! Thank you so much
Works great. Been using it only for a short while, but it didn’t fail yet. It’s also very quick. Downside is that it sometimes downloaded an early version of the paper, not the final published paper.
very helpful in searching scientific articles

Jamailah Rose Biagcong

way far out from my excecptation, seldom giving comment but i have to shout out for this one !! Super great!!!!!

H K

Why didn't i know this existed years ago this is the best tool for a scholar ever thank you!!!!!!!!!!

Diela Albert

Cela me change la vie. C'est juste incroyable de pouvoir accéder à la connaissance sans aucune barrière. L'outil est bluffant, rapide et sûr.

Maria Mercanti-Guérin

An amazing extension for a researcher.

Dr. Devika Rani

Makes my research a whole ton easier

Ms Aqilah

I wish I found this earlier. It works perfectly, easy to access any articles
Game Changer for my thesis, thanks so much!

Thomas Hauer

Insanely useful, and it is probably one of the greatest things in 2021.

Moomin

Muy recomendable. Útil y fácil de usar.

Mayra Melo

muy fácil de usar

Karl Gutierrez H.

Loving this!!

วันวันของว่าน ก็งี้แหละ

Fácil de usar y útil para estudiantes

Johana Sotelo

Ứng dụng tuyệt vời cho nghiên cứu khoa học

Võ Hồng Quý

Great app useful for my research

Kasthuri Kumar

Thank you so much for making my life easier!!!!!!!!!

Yarolyne Sakase

A melhor extensão!

Eduardo Pavarino

“Paywall? What’s that?”

Paperpanda searches the web for pdf s so you don’t have to, i’m here to help, you’ve probably run into this problem – you want to read a paper, but it’s locked behind a paywall. maybe you have access to it through your library or university, maybe it’s available to download for free through an open access portal, maybe the author uploaded a pdf to a website somewhere – but how are you going to find it paperpanda is here to help just click the tiny panda in your toolbar and the panda will run off and find the paper for you., access research papers in one click, save time accessing full-text pdf s with the free paperpanda browser plugin, stop clicking and start reading, stop navigating paywalls, search engines, and logins. paperpanda helps you get that full-text pdf faster.

🇺🇦    make metadata, not war

A comprehensive bibliographic database of the world’s scholarly literature

The world’s largest collection of open access research papers, machine access to our vast unique full text corpus, core features, indexing the world’s repositories.

We serve the global network of repositories and journals

Comprehensive data coverage

We provide both metadata and full text access to our comprehensive collection through our APIs and Datasets

Powerful services

We create powerful services for researchers, universities, and industry

Cutting-edge solutions

We research and develop innovative data-driven and AI solutions

Committed to the POSI

Cost-free PIDs for your repository

OAI identifiers are unique identifiers minted cost-free by repositories. Ensure that your repository is correctly configured, enabling the CORE OAI Resolver to redirect your identifiers to your repository landing pages.

OAI IDs provide a cost-free option for assigning Persistent Identifiers (PIDs) to your repository records. Learn more.

Who we serve?

Enabling others to create new tools and innovate using a global comprehensive collection of research papers.

Companies

“ Our partnership with CORE will provide Turnitin with vast amounts of metadata and full texts that we can ... ” Show more

Gareth Malcolm, Content Partner Manager at Turnitin

Academic institutions.

Making research more discoverable, improving metadata quality, helping to meet and monitor open access compliance.

Academic institutions

“ CORE’s role in providing a unified search of repository content is a great tool for the researcher and ex... ” Show more

Nicola Dowson, Library Services Manager at Open University

Researchers & general public.

Tools to find, discover and explore the wealth of open access research. Free for everyone, forever.

Researchers & general public

“ With millions of research papers available across thousands of different systems, CORE provides an invalu... ” Show more

Jon Tennant, Rogue Paleontologist and Founder of the Open Science MOOC

Helping funders to analyse, audit and monitor open research and accelerate towards open science.

Funders

“ Aggregation plays an increasingly essential role in maximising the long-term benefits of open access, hel... ” Show more

Ben Johnson, Research Policy Adviser at Research England

Our services, access to raw data.

Create new and innovative solutions.

Content discovery

Find relevant research and make your research more visible.

Managing content

Manage how your research content is exposed to the world.

Companies using CORE

Gareth Malcolm

Gareth Malcolm

Content Partner Manager at Turnitin

Our partnership with CORE will provide Turnitin with vast amounts of metadata and full texts that we can utilise in our plagiarism detection software.

Academic institution using CORE

Kathleen Shearer

Executive Director of the Confederation of Open Access Repositories (COAR)

CORE has significantly assisted the academic institutions participating in our global network with their key mission, which is their scientific content exposure. In addition, CORE has helped our content administrators to showcase the real benefits of repositories via its added value services.

Partner projects

Ben Johnson

Ben Johnson

Research Policy Adviser

Aggregation plays an increasingly essential role in maximising the long-term benefits of open access, helping to turn the promise of a 'research commons' into a reality. The aggregation services that CORE provides therefore make a very valuable contribution to the evolving open access environment in the UK.

logo

A free, AI-powered research tool for scientific literature

  • Michael Atiyah
  • Nanotechnology

New & Improved API for Developers

Introducing semantic reader in beta.

Stay Connected With Semantic Scholar Sign Up What Is Semantic Scholar? Semantic Scholar is a free, AI-powered research tool for scientific literature, based at the Allen Institute for AI.

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

  • View all journals
  • Explore content
  • About the journal
  • Publish with us
  • Sign up for alerts

Research articles

download research papers site

Comparing the current short-term cancer incidence prediction models in Brazil with state-of-the-art time-series models

  • Daniel Bouzon Nagem Assad
  • Patricia Gomes Ferreira da Costa
  • Alfredo Monteiro Scaff

download research papers site

Quantitative trait loci and genomic prediction for grain sugar and mineral concentrations of cowpea [ Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.]

  • Bao-Lam Huynh
  • James C. R. Stangoulis
  • Philip A. Roberts

download research papers site

Dual-layer detector spectral CT-based machine learning models in the differential diagnosis of solitary pulmonary nodules

  • Kaifang Liu

download research papers site

Longitudinal antibody dynamics after COVID-19 vaccine boosters based on prior infection status and booster doses

  • Naomi Matsumoto
  • Ayako Sasaki
  • Takashi Yorifuji

download research papers site

Perception of interpersonal distance and social distancing before and during COVID-19 pandemic

  • Nur Givon-Benjio
  • Hili Sokolover
  • Hadas Okon-Singer

download research papers site

The effect of arterial spin labeling MR angiography (ASL-MRA) in visualizing the branches of external carotid artery

  • Akihiro Nishie

download research papers site

High-dose exposure to butylparaben impairs thyroid ultrastructure and function in rats

  • Qi-Lan Jiang

download research papers site

Building integrated diffusers’ area ratio optimization

  • Abdel Rahman Elbakheit

download research papers site

The unnecessary workups and admissions of adolescents and young adults with spontaneous pneumomediastinum

  • Lindsay Wald
  • Celeste Yergin
  • Saleem Islam

download research papers site

Using machine learning to predict five-year transplant-free survival among infants with hypoplastic left heart syndrome

  • Andrew H. Smith
  • Geoffrey M. Gray
  • Luis M. Ahumada

download research papers site

The diagnostic performance evaluation of Panbio and STANDARD Q coronavirus disease 2019 antigen tests against real-time polymerase chain reaction in southern Ethiopia

  • Elias Tamene
  • Alemitu Beyene
  • Techalew Shimelis

download research papers site

Apigenin supplementation substantially improves rooster sperm freezability and post-thaw function

  • Abouzar Najafi
  • Hossein Mohammadi
  • Amin Rahimi

download research papers site

Optimized reamer geometry for controlled reaming of the proximal femur

  • Markus Heinecke
  • Frank Layher
  • Georg Matziolis

download research papers site

Normative body mass-adjusted reference ranges of magnetic resonance imaging signs commonly used in diagnosing idiopathic intracranial hypertension in a healthy standard population

  • Rike Kobrow
  • Stefan Gross
  • Sebastian Strauss

download research papers site

Mosaic quadrivalent influenza vaccine single nanoparticle characterization

  • Rong Sylvie Yang
  • Maria Traver
  • Q. Paula Lei

download research papers site

Alcohol consumption as a socially contagious phenomenon in the Framingham Heart Study social network

  • Maarten W. J. van den Ende
  • Han L. J. van der Maas
  • Mike H. Lees

download research papers site

Transdiagnostic clustering and network analysis for questionnaire-based symptom profiling and drug recommendation in the UK Biobank and a Korean cohort

  • Dongbin Lee
  • Woong-yang Park

download research papers site

Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging assessment of residual tumor angiogenesis after insufficient microwave ablation and donafenib adjuvant therapy

  • Guiling Feng

download research papers site

Ocular microvascular alteration in patients with myocardial infarction—a new OCTA study

download research papers site

Circulating miR-let7a levels predict future diagnosis of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension

  • Franziska Kenneweg
  • Lukas Hobohm
  • Thomas Thum

Quick links

  • Explore articles by subject
  • Guide to authors
  • Editorial policies

download research papers site

Detail of a painting depicting the landscape of New Mexico with mountains in the distance

Explore millions of high-quality primary sources and images from around the world, including artworks, maps, photographs, and more.

Explore migration issues through a variety of media types

  • Part of The Streets are Talking: Public Forms of Creative Expression from Around the World
  • Part of The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 34, No. 1 (Winter 2020)
  • Part of Cato Institute (Aug. 3, 2021)
  • Part of University of California Press
  • Part of Open: Smithsonian National Museum of African American History & Culture
  • Part of Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, Vol. 19, No. 1 (Winter 2012)
  • Part of R Street Institute (Nov. 1, 2020)
  • Part of Leuven University Press
  • Part of UN Secretary-General Papers: Ban Ki-moon (2007-2016)
  • Part of Perspectives on Terrorism, Vol. 12, No. 4 (August 2018)
  • Part of Leveraging Lives: Serbia and Illegal Tunisian Migration to Europe, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (Mar. 1, 2023)
  • Part of UCL Press

Harness the power of visual materials—explore more than 3 million images now on JSTOR.

Enhance your scholarly research with underground newspapers, magazines, and journals.

Explore collections in the arts, sciences, and literature from the world’s leading museums, archives, and scholars.

  • Advanced search
  • Peer review

download research papers site

Discover relevant research today

download research papers site

Advance your research field in the open

download research papers site

Reach new audiences and maximize your readership

ScienceOpen puts your research in the context of

Publications

For Publishers

ScienceOpen offers content hosting, context building and marketing services for publishers. See our tailored offerings

  • For academic publishers  to promote journals and interdisciplinary collections
  • For open access journals  to host journal content in an interactive environment
  • For university library publishing  to develop new open access paradigms for their scholars
  • For scholarly societies  to promote content with interactive features

For Institutions

ScienceOpen offers state-of-the-art technology and a range of solutions and services

  • For faculties and research groups  to promote and share your work
  • For research institutes  to build up your own branding for OA publications
  • For funders  to develop new open access publishing paradigms
  • For university libraries to create an independent OA publishing environment

For Researchers

Make an impact and build your research profile in the open with ScienceOpen

  • Search and discover relevant research in over 92 million Open Access articles and article records
  • Share your expertise and get credit by publicly reviewing any article
  • Publish your poster or preprint and track usage and impact with article- and author-level metrics
  • Create a topical Collection  to advance your research field

Create a Journal powered by ScienceOpen

Launching a new open access journal or an open access press? ScienceOpen now provides full end-to-end open access publishing solutions – embedded within our smart interactive discovery environment. A modular approach allows open access publishers to pick and choose among a range of services and design the platform that fits their goals and budget.

Continue reading “Create a Journal powered by ScienceOpen”   

What can a Researcher do on ScienceOpen?

ScienceOpen provides researchers with a wide range of tools to support their research – all for free. Here is a short checklist to make sure you are getting the most of the technological infrastructure and content that we have to offer. What can a researcher do on ScienceOpen? Continue reading “What can a Researcher do on ScienceOpen?”   

ScienceOpen on the Road

Upcoming events.

  • 20 – 22 February – ResearcherToReader Conferece

Past Events

  • 09 November – Webinar for the Discoverability of African Research
  • 26 – 27 October – Attending the Workshop on Open Citations and Open Scholarly Metadata
  • 18 – 22 October – ScienceOpen at Frankfurt Book Fair.
  • 27 – 29 September – Attending OA Tage, Berlin .
  • 25 – 27 September – ScienceOpen at Open Science Fair
  • 19 – 21 September – OASPA 2023 Annual Conference .
  • 22 – 24 May – ScienceOpen sponsoring Pint of Science, Berlin.
  • 16-17 May – ScienceOpen at 3rd AEUP Conference.
  • 20 – 21 April – ScienceOpen attending Scaling Small: Community-Owned Futures for Open Access Books .
  • 18 – 20 April – ScienceOpen at the London Book Fair .

What is ScienceOpen?

  • Smart search and discovery within an interactive interface
  • Researcher promotion and ORCID integration
  • Open evaluation with article reviews and Collections
  • Business model based on providing services to publishers

Live Twitter stream

Some of our partners:.

UCL Press

Help | Advanced Search

Computer Science > Machine Learning

Title: reasoning algorithmically in graph neural networks.

Abstract: The development of artificial intelligence systems with advanced reasoning capabilities represents a persistent and long-standing research question. Traditionally, the primary strategy to address this challenge involved the adoption of symbolic approaches, where knowledge was explicitly represented by means of symbols and explicitly programmed rules. However, with the advent of machine learning, there has been a paradigm shift towards systems that can autonomously learn from data, requiring minimal human guidance. In light of this shift, in latest years, there has been increasing interest and efforts at endowing neural networks with the ability to reason, bridging the gap between data-driven learning and logical reasoning. Within this context, Neural Algorithmic Reasoning (NAR) stands out as a promising research field, aiming to integrate the structured and rule-based reasoning of algorithms with the adaptive learning capabilities of neural networks, typically by tasking neural models to mimic classical algorithms. In this dissertation, we provide theoretical and practical contributions to this area of research. We explore the connections between neural networks and tropical algebra, deriving powerful architectures that are aligned with algorithm execution. Furthermore, we discuss and show the ability of such neural reasoners to learn and manipulate complex algorithmic and combinatorial optimization concepts, such as the principle of strong duality. Finally, in our empirical efforts, we validate the real-world utility of NAR networks across different practical scenarios. This includes tasks as diverse as planning problems, large-scale edge classification tasks and the learning of polynomial-time approximate algorithms for NP-hard combinatorial problems. Through this exploration, we aim to showcase the potential integrating algorithmic reasoning in machine learning models.

Submission history

Access paper:.

  • Download PDF
  • Other Formats

References & Citations

  • Google Scholar
  • Semantic Scholar

BibTeX formatted citation

BibSonomy logo

Bibliographic and Citation Tools

Code, data and media associated with this article, recommenders and search tools.

  • Institution

arXivLabs: experimental projects with community collaborators

arXivLabs is a framework that allows collaborators to develop and share new arXiv features directly on our website.

Both individuals and organizations that work with arXivLabs have embraced and accepted our values of openness, community, excellence, and user data privacy. arXiv is committed to these values and only works with partners that adhere to them.

Have an idea for a project that will add value for arXiv's community? Learn more about arXivLabs .

This paper is in the following e-collection/theme issue:

Published on 22.2.2024 in Vol 26 (2024)

Living Lab Data of Patient Needs and Expectations for eHealth-Based Cardiac Rehabilitation in Germany and Spain From the TIMELY Study: Cross-Sectional Analysis

Authors of this article:

Author Orcid Image

Original Paper

  • Boris Schmitz 1, 2 , PhD   ; 
  • Svenja Wirtz 1, 2 , MSc   ; 
  • Manuela Sestayo-Fernández 3 , BSc   ; 
  • Hendrik Schäfer 1, 2 , MSc   ; 
  • Emma R Douma 4 , MSc   ; 
  • Marta Alonso Vazquez 3 , MSc   ; 
  • Violeta González-Salvado 5 , MD   ; 
  • Mirela Habibovic 4 , PhD   ; 
  • Dimitris Gatsios 6 , PhD   ; 
  • Willem Johan Kop 4 , PhD   ; 
  • Carlos Peña-Gil 5 , MD   ; 
  • Frank Mooren 1, 2 , MD  

1 Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany

2 Center for Medical Rehabilitation, DRV Clinic Königsfeld, Ennepetal, Germany

3 Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain

4 Center of Research on Psychological Disorders and Somatic Diseases, Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands

5 Cardiology and Coronary Care Department, IDIS, CIBER CV, University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain

6 Capemed, Ioannina, Greece

Corresponding Author:

Boris Schmitz, PhD

Department of Rehabilitation Sciences

Faculty of Health

University of Witten/Herdecke

Alfred-Herrhausen-Straße 50

Witten, 58455

Phone: 49 23339888 ext 156

Email: [email protected]

Background: The use of eHealth technology in cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is a promising approach to enhance patient outcomes since adherence to healthy lifestyles and risk factor management during phase III CR maintenance is often poorly supported. However, patients’ needs and expectations have not been extensively analyzed to inform the design of such eHealth solutions.

Objective: The goal of this study was to provide a detailed patient perspective on the most important functionalities to include in an eHealth solution to assist them in phase III CR maintenance.

Methods: A guided survey as part of a Living Lab approach was conducted in Germany (n=49) and Spain (n=30) involving women (16/79, 20%) and men (63/79, 80%) with coronary artery disease (mean age 57 years, SD 9 years) participating in a structured center-based CR program. The survey covered patients’ perceived importance of different CR components in general, current usage of technology/technical devices, and helpfulness of the potential features of eHealth in CR. Questionnaires were used to identify personality traits (psychological flexibility, optimism/pessimism, positive/negative affect), potentially predisposing patients to acceptance of an app/monitoring devices.

Results: All the patients in this study owned a smartphone, while 30%-40% used smartwatches and fitness trackers. Patients expressed the need for an eHealth platform that is user-friendly, personalized, and easily accessible, and 71% (56/79) of the patients believed that technology could help them to maintain health goals after CR. Among the offered components, support for regular physical exercise, including updated schedules and progress documentation, was rated the highest. In addition, patients rated the availability of information on diagnosis, current medication, test results, and risk scores as (very) useful. Of note, for each item, except smoking cessation, 35%-50% of the patients indicated a high need for support to achieve their long-term health goals, suggesting the need for individualized care. No major differences were detected between Spanish and German patients (all P >.05) and only younger age ( P =.03) but not sex, education level, or personality traits (all P >.05) were associated with the acceptance of eHealth components.

Conclusions: The patient perspectives collected in this study indicate high acceptance of personalized user-friendly eHealth platforms with remote monitoring to improve adherence to healthy lifestyles among patients with coronary artery disease during phase III CR maintenance. The identified patient needs comprise support in physical exercise, including regular updates on personalized training recommendations. Availability of diagnoses, laboratory results, and medications, as part of a mobile electronic health record were also rated as very useful.

Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05461729; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05461729

Introduction

The application of eHealth technology in cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is being increasingly adopted to enhance patient outcomes. eHealth, which involves the use of digital health technologies, has the potential to facilitate CR programs to offer better, more efficient, and cost-effective care. CR is a crucial aspect of the recovery process after a cardiac event, aiming to reduce the risk of future events and improve the quality of life of patients [ 1 , 2 ]. The European Society of Cardiology defines CR as a multifactorial intervention with core components in patient assessment, physical activity, diet/nutritional counselling, risk factor control, patient education, psychosocial management, vocational advice, and lifestyle behavior change, including patients’ adherence and self-management [ 3 ]. The CR process is typically divided into 3 stages. During phase I, patients discuss their cardiovascular risk factors and health situation in the acute clinic after a coronary intervention or surgery with their treating physician or a CR nurse. This brief phase lasts only a few days and aims to get patients moving as soon as possible, encouraging mild levels of physical activity [ 4 ]. Phase II, the reconditioning phase, occurs at inpatient or outpatient CR centers or even in the home environment with various levels of support. This multidisciplinary phase includes education on risk factors, supervised exercise training, and psychological support, with the goal of improving patients’ exercise capacity, functional mobility, and self-management skills [ 5 ]. In phase III, also referred to as the maintenance phase, patients continue their care in a community or home-based setting. Phase III is the longest and least structured phase of CR, aiming at lifelong self-care with continuous risk factor management and regular physical activity to maintain the achievements made during phase II [ 4 , 6 ]. However, adherence to a healthy lifestyle, including regular physical activity and risk factor management, during phase III maintenance is challenging and often poorly supported [ 7 , 8 ]. The main reasons for suboptimal adherence to phase III CR include patient-related factors (eg, motivation) and unsustainable costs for lifelong patient support in addition to usual care by general practitioners or cardiologists [ 9 , 10 ]. In addition, patient barriers such as time and travel burden may add to lower adherence and uptake of maintenance programs.

Information and communication technology in the form of eHealth applications has undergone recent developments by targeting reduction of possible barriers of initiation and continued engagement in CR [ 11 ]. The advantages of eHealth include less time investment and constraints due to the absence of travel, option of continuous monitoring, and possibility for patients to manage their disease independently [ 12 , 13 ]. The use of eHealth technologies allows for personalization and tailoring of CR programs to individual needs, leading to higher effectiveness and improved outcomes for patients. Furthermore, eHealth applications allow for different CR aspects to be targeted independently or in a combined and synergistic manner and may have positive effects on physical activity, medication adherence, mood states, anxiety, and depression in cardiac patients [ 14 ]. However, there is no uniform eHealth platform available combining all aspects of CR for patients with cardiovascular disease over the continuum of care, including phase III maintenance. Although challenging on a technological level, user acceptance and applicability in day-to-day setting are key for implementation and success of such a solution. In addition, factors such as technological skills, trustworthiness, and overall individual attitude toward eHealth need to be considered [ 15 - 17 ].

Based on this background, the goal of this study was to provide a detailed description of the patient perspective on the most important aspects to be included in an eHealth solution to assist phase III CR maintenance. This report is part of the multistakeholder project TIMELY, which aims at developing a personalized eHealth platform to assist patients over the continuum of the disease according to recent coronary artery disease (CAD) guidelines [ 18 ]. TIMELY employs artificial intelligence–powered CR components in a patient app connected with a patient management platform and decision support tools for case managers and clinicians. Additionally, artificial intelligence–powered conversational agents (chatbots) will be provided to engage in motivational conversations with patients based on behavior change techniques with the goal of optimizing program and exercise adherence. The development of the TIMELY eHealth solution is guided by a Living Lab approach that allows researchers to co-design innovations such as TIMELY with patients in a real-life context to increase acceptance [ 19 ]. Multiple feedback loops are included at pivotal developing stages, incorporating patients and clinicians in a modified Delphi approach [ 20 , 21 ]. Within the TIMELY prospective study, patients are equipped with different devices as part of the envisioned solution, including a long-term 3-channel electrocardiogram (ECG) patch, a hemodynamic monitor for blood pressure measurement and pulse wave analysis, and a wrist-worn activity tracker. This report describes patients’ needs and expectations for eHealth-based CR collected within the TIMELY Living Lab in CR centers from Germany and Spain.

Approach and Participants

To characterize patients’ needs and expectations for an eHealth-based phase III CR maintenance system, a guided survey was conducted at medical rehabilitation centers Clinic Königsfeld, Germany, and University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Spain, between July 2021 and March 2022, aiming at a representative sample of ~80 participants. Patients were asked to participate during their inpatient (Germany) or outpatient (Spain) CR program, and participants were recruited consecutively without further selection. Patients diagnosed with CAD were eligible while participating in a structured center-based CR program.

Ethics Approval

This study complied with the Helsinki Declaration “Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects” and was approved by the ethics committee of University Witten/Herdecke (115/2020) and Servizo Galego de Saúde (2021/190). All participants gave their written informed consent before participating in this study. This study is part of the TIMELY observational trial (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT05461729), which aims to characterize the progress of patients with CAD during phase II and phase III CR.

Patients’ Characteristics

Patients’ anthropometric and clinical data, including severity of CAD, type of intervention, and comorbidities (rated using the D’Hoore comorbidity index [ 22 ]) were extracted from electronic health records by clinical personnel. Patients’ highest level of education was documented and specified by country. Hauptschule and Educación primaria were defined as primary, Realschule and Educación secundaria obligatoria or vocational training as secondary, and Abitur or Bachillerato as tertiary education in Germany (DE) and Spain (ES), respectively. A university degree was classified as the highest educational category. For comparability and due to differing educational systems in Germany and Spain, the level of education was categorized as “lower/equal to high school” (first two levels) or “higher than high school” (all other higher levels).

Interview-Based Survey

This survey was developed with experts from a clinical and theoretical perspective by using the Delphi method until consensus was reached. The survey (20 items) was composed of 3 parts: (1) importance of different CR components in general, (2) digital literacy and current usage of technology/technical devices, and (3) helpfulness of the potential features of eHealth in CR ( Multimedia Appendix 1 ). Closed questions were used with a list of provided answers rated on a 5-point Likert scale (1=unimportant/not useful; 5=very important/very useful). A filter question was used, which optionally exempted participants who indicated that they would never use an eHealth platform linked to devices. These participants were asked for their reasons for refusing to use an eHealth platform. The survey was pretested with selected patients in Clinic Königsfeld, and adaptations for wordings were made, where necessary. The final version of the survey was translated to German (SW and BS) and Spanish (MSF and MA) by at least 2 researchers for each translation. The survey was conducted by researchers of the local rehabilitation center. Questions were read to the patients, and further explanation was provided if needed. Investigators documented the answers by using a paper-pencil version or an electronic version of the survey ( Multimedia Appendix 1 ).

Questionnaires

In a subset of 40 German patients with CAD, questionnaires were used to identify personal traits potentially predisposing patients for acceptance of an app or monitoring devices to document the progress of CR (ie, questions Q12 and Q13 of the survey). Psychological flexibility was assessed using the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire version 2 (AAQ-2) [ 23 ], and the Revised Life Orientation Test (LOT-R) [ 24 ] was used to identify patients’ optimism/pessimism. The Type D scale for social inhibition (DS-14) [ 25 ] was used to assess negative affectivity, social inhibition, and type D personality. In addition, the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) was applied [ 26 ].

Statistical Analysis

Statistical analyses were performed using the open access program Jamovi (version 2.2.2, The Jamovi project) and SPSS (version 29, IBM Corp). Data are presented as mean and standard deviation, median and range for the Likert rating scales, or n (%) as indicated. Normality was tested using Shapiro-Wilks test. Between group differences were tested using independent 2-sided t -test or analysis of variance. Nonparametric tests were used to investigate group differences in Likert scale data (Mann Whitney U and Kruskal Wallis test). The associations of sex, age, education level as well as different psychological constructs with openness to using eHealth were analyzed between groups (general willingness [yes/maybe] and patients not willing to use eHealth [no]) by using chi-square test or Mann Whitney U test as indicated. To analyze the combined predictive values of multiple patients’ characteristics on eHealth acceptance, we used multivariate linear regression and naïve Bayes classification. The statistical significance level was set at P <.05.

Seventy-nine patients participated in the guided survey (Germany, n=49; Spain, n=30; 16/79, 20% females). The mean age (in years) of the patients was 57 (SD 7; range 37-79) ( Table 1 ). In Germany, our sample population was comparable in terms of sex and age to patients with CAD in general (registry data) [ 27 ] and to patients with CAD undergoing CR in particular (mean 54.9, SD 7.0 years, in-house data). Further comparison of the study sample to German patients with CAD undergoing CR showed considerable similarity also in terms of ST-elevation myocardial infarction/non–ST-elevation myocardial infarction (~75%), number of affected vessels (1 vessel disease, ~30%-40%), and performed intervention (bypass, ~20%; all in-house data). For Spain, our study sample was comparable to patients with CAD undergoing CR in terms of age (~61 years), ST-elevation myocardial infarction/non–ST-elevation myocardial infarction (~85%), number of affected vessels (1 vessel disease, ~60%), and performed intervention (bypass, ~5%; all in-house data, region Galicia). Overall, in terms of the education level, 87% (69/79) of the participants were ≤high school and 13% (10/79) were >high school ( Table 1 ). Comparisons between countries suggested good comparability even though the age (in years) of the Spanish participants (mean 62, SD 10) was higher than that of the German participants (mean 56, SD 6; P <.001), which was associated with a significantly higher burden of comorbidities (median ES 2.3, IQR 1-8; median DE 1.6, IQR 0-7; P =.03). The percentage of former smokers among patients with CAD in Germany was significantly higher than that in Spain (27/49, 55% vs 7/30, 24%; P <.001). Overall, 30% (24/79) of the included participants were active smokers. Of the 79 participants, >85% (67/79) indicated that they (highly) appreciated being involved in the planning of a future eHealth solution.

a P values were calculated using independent 2-sided t test (nonnormally distributed data were analyzed by Mann Whitney U test) and analysis of variance (nonnormally distributed variables were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test).

b P <.05 for within-group comparison.

c Comorbidity index was calculated according to the modified D’Hoore comorbidity index.

d Primary education is known as Hauptschule in Germany (DE) and educación primaria in Spain (ES).

e Secondary education is known as Realschule in Germany (DE) and educación secundaria obligatoria or vocational training in Spain (ES).

f Tertiary education is known as Abitur in Germany and Bachillerato in Spain.

Digital Literacy and Current Usage of Technology

For the assessment of the use of technology among patients and their associated digital literacy, participants were asked what devices they owned, for which purpose the devices were used, and how experienced they were with health/fitness apps. All patients owned a smartphone, while a significantly lower proportion of Spanish patients owned a tablet (ES: 11/30, 37%; DE: 34/49, 69%; P =.005) ( Figure 1 ). The majority of patients also owned a notebook or PC (ES: 18/30, 60%; DE: 25/30, 84%). Smartwatches (ES: 10/30, 33%; DE: 16/49, 33%) and fitness trackers (ES: 9/30, 30%; DE: 21/49, 43%) were used by a significant proportion of the participants with no differences between centers. Although smartphone, tablet, and notebook/PC were predominantly used for communication and information by the patients, a difference for smartwatch/fitness trackers was recorded in that up to 40% (12/30) of the Spanish patients used those devices also for entertainment. This was only reported by 6% (3/49) of the German patients ( P =.06). Instead, 50% (25/49) of the German patients used wearables and associated apps for documentation (including physical activity), which was only reported by 20% (6/30) of the Spanish patients ( P >.05). In terms of experience with automatic blood pressure monitors, 62% (49/79) of the patients reported their level of experience as “experienced” to “very experienced,” and 29% (23/79) and 13% (10/79) reported this level of experience for fitness trackers and health apps, respectively ( Multimedia Appendix 1 ). Of note, more than 40% (32/79) of the patients reported at least some experience with health or fitness apps.

download research papers site

Rating of CR Components

To assess how patients rated the importance of different CR components for disease management, we recorded their feedback on separate aspects of CR (using 5-point rating scales). Patients’ overall rating of the importance of CR components along the continuum of care for risk reduction was very high, including regular physical exercise (median 5, IQR 3-5), healthy diet (median 5, IQR 3-5), stress management (median 5, IQR 1-5), smoking cessation (median 5, IQR 1-5), optimal medication (median 5, IQR 3-5), motivation for lifestyle changes (median 5, IQR 3-5), and overall risk factor management (median 5, IQR 2-5), with no significant difference between the 2 centers. Patients also rated their individual need for support during phase III CR maintenance in the beforementioned areas, revealing large interindividual differences with all items ranging from 1 to 5. In general, patients expressed a high need for support for regular physical exercise (median 4, range 1-5), less need for support for smoking cessation (median 1, range 1-5; only active smokers were asked), and less support for healthy diet (median 3, range 1-5), stress management (median 3, range 1-5), medication (median 3, range 1-5), motivation for lifestyle changes (median 3, range 1-5), and risk factor management (median 3, range 1-5). Of note, for each item except from smoking cessation, 35%-50% of the patients indicated a high need for support (≥4) to achieve their long-term health goals, suggesting a need for individualized care. The subgroup of patients expressing low perceived smoking cessation support needs was analyzed further to investigate if it includes patients with high-risk phenotypes. However, this analysis did not suggest an elevated risk for these patients, as age, sex, BMI, disease severity (bypass performed [yes/no]), and comorbidity index were similar to those of the group of smokers indicating need for smoking cessation support.

Rating of eHealth Components to Assist in Phase III CR Maintenance

Overall, 71% (56/79) of the patients reported that they considered technology, including mobile apps, to be helpful in maintaining health goals after phase II CR. To investigate the specific needs and expectations for an eHealth system to assist in phase III CR maintenance, we asked patients about the features that would be the most helpful for reaching their individual health goals if they were free to choose from a predefined set of options. The presented features were selected by the TIMELY investigators involving cardiologists, rehabilitation experts, behavioral change experts, sports scientists, and by considering recent literature on eHealth in CR [ 6 ]. Selected features were grouped into 3 categories for the presentation of results, including exercise-related features, clinical/medical components, and motivational/other features ( Figure 2 ) and were analyzed for differences between nationality, age groups, and men versus women. No significant differences between nationalities were detected for exercise-related features or medical-related entities. In the domain of other CR components, overall progression documentation was significantly rated as more useful/more needed by German patients (median 5, range 1-5) than by Spanish patients (median 4, range 1-5; P <.001). German patients also rated “individual feedback of a real person” more useful than Spanish patients (median 5, range 1-5 vs median 4, range 3-5; P =.005, respectively). With respect to motivational features, Spanish patients rated the possibility to “share progress with friends and family” as more useful than German patients (median 4, range 1-5 vs median 2, range 1-5]; P =.02, respectively). When asked about the preferred frequency for motivational messages, only 5% of the patients answered “several times a day.” Approximately 27% (21/79) preferred to receive messages once a day, 26% (20/79) every other day, and 9% (7/79) did not want to receive messages. Approximately 32% (25/79) indicated that they would prefer a flexible schedule for messages. Of note, no differences in preference for any suggested features were detected between women and men or among age groups. However, the score for most items ranged from 1 to 5, highlighting that perceived usefulness of potential eHealth features differs substantially between individuals.

download research papers site

Factors Associated With Acceptance of eHealth in CR Maintenance

To investigate the factors associated with the acceptance of eHealth, we used questionnaires to analyze factors such as sex, age, clinical data, educational as well as psychological factors. Questionnaires involved LOT-R for optimism/pessimism, AAQ-2 for psychological flexibility, DS-14 for social inhibition, and PANAS for positive/negative affectivity. Education level was not associated with the acceptance of eHealth components ( Table 2 ). No differences were observed with regard to acceptance between women and men, but younger age was significantly associated with more acceptance of monitoring devices ( P =.03), while only a tendency was seen for willingness to use a mobile app ( P =.11). Of note, only 6% (3/49) of the patients who accepted eHealth indicated they would likely not use eHealth components because of privacy concerns, and 8% (4/49) of the patients did not like the idea of being monitored. Although multivariate linear regression analysis did not identify a combination of factors associated with eHealth acceptance, naïve Bayes classification suggested that eHealth acceptance may potentially be predicted based on younger age, a lower AAQ-2 score indicating psychological flexibility, and the index event (having experienced myocardial infarction). Willingness to use a mobile app was predicted with an overall accuracy of 97.9% (using age and AAQ-2), and the acceptance of monitoring devices was predicted with an overall accuracy of 91.7% (using age, AAQ-2, and myocardial infarction). However, validation in an independent data set was not performed.

a Data are given as n (%) and median and range. Patients were asked if they would use a mobile app for their cardiac rehabilitation maintenance support and if they would use monitoring devices (eg, blood pressure monitor, electrocardiogram, activity tracker) during maintenance. Options provided were yes/maybe or no. Between-group comparison was performed using chi-square test or Mann-Whitney U test.

b Three missing. Only German patients (n=40) were involved.

c LOT-R: Revised Life Orientation Test; 2 dimensions; range 0-12 (higher = larger optimism/pessimism).

d AAQ-2: Acceptance and Action Questionnaire version 2; range 7-49 (higher = greater psychological inflexibility).

e DS-14: Type D scale for social inhibition; 2 dimensions; range 0-28 (higher = larger negative affectivity/social inhibition).

f PANAS: Positive and Negative Affect Schedule; 2 dimensions; range 0-10 (higher = larger affect).

Principal Findings

This study aimed to define patients’ needs and expectations for eHealth-based CR to assist them during the lifelong maintenance phase. A Living Lab approach was used for German and Spanish patients with CAD to characterize their use of technology, their preferences and rating of importance for different components of a future eHealth solution for CR maintenance, as well as their general willingness to use eHealth. In brief, our main findings are (1) patients with CAD appreciated being involved in the planning of a future eHealth system, and they had sufficient levels of digital literacy, (2) patients rated the importance of CR components along the continuum of care for risk reduction as very high, (3) 71% (56/79) of the patients expected that technology could help them to maintain health goals after center-based CR, and (4) a large intraindividual heterogeneity was detected in terms of reported needs and perceived usefulness for different eHealth components.

CAD is a chronic disease, necessitating innovative approaches for effective management and support over the lifelong maintenance phase after successful intervention and rehabilitation [ 1 - 3 ]. In recent years, telemedicine and eHealth solutions have emerged as promising tools for improving the care of patients with CAD [ 6 ]. In this regard, eHealth has already been shown to be an effective alternative to phase II CR, and a recent meta-analysis suggested that telehealth-based phase II CR may be even superior to center-based programs at least for enhancing physical activity levels [ 28 - 30 ]. In addition, eHealth may have the potential to involve a large number of patients since it may also be an option for patients who cannot or do not want to attend a center-based CR. In terms of cost efficiency, Frederix et al [ 30 ] estimated that a 6-month internet-based program consisting of exercise training with telemonitoring support, text messages, and web service can be cost-efficient for up to 2 years after the end of the intervention [ 30 ]. However, the development of eHealth solutions tailored for patients with CAD requires a dynamic and patient-centered approach since low user acceptance is one of the largest barriers for success of these solutions. The European Society of Cardiology e-Cardiology Working Group reported that digital health developments are often technically driven and not based on the needs and expectations of patients, thereby calling for cocreation with patient involvement in the design [ 15 ]. The European Society of Cardiology position paper strongly emphasized that patient-related barriers and user characteristics may hinder the large-scale deployment of eHealth services. Thus, the TIMELY project includes a Living Lab as means to involve patients and patient organizations, and our analyses reflect part of this patient-centered approach.

Per definition, Living Labs represent open innovation ecosystems to cocreate, assess, and refine innovative (technical) solutions [ 19 ]. To achieve a user-centric design, Living Labs prioritize the engagement of patients together with health care professionals to ensure that the resulting applications align with the needs, preferences, and challenges faced by the specific needs of a patient group. It is however important to place Living Labs in authentic settings, as implemented in this study, where patients with CAD undergoing center-based phase II CR are involved. These patients had received comprehensive information on the etiology and treatment of their disease as well as lifestyle factors that modify CAD. The majority of the involved patients indicated that they liked the approach and appreciated being involved in the conception and development of an eHealth solution to assist them during the maintenance phase even though some indicated that too much effort might keep them from using such a solution. In terms of predictors of eHealth use, previous research on sociodemographic factors among US adult internet users suggested that patients with lower education levels had lower odds of using certain features, including web-based tracking of personal health information, using a website to support physical activity, or downloading health information to a mobile device [ 31 ]. That study also indicated that being female was a predictor of eHealth use across health care and user-generated content, while age influenced health information–seeking [ 31 ]. In comparison, our data also suggest that younger age was associated with the indicated acceptance of technology, but women were as likely as men to accept eHealth for managing their disease, and the education level was not identified as a predictor. These findings might be based on the fact that smartphones, device hardware, and mobile apps are rapidly advancing, and daily exposure lowers the barriers for patients to use technology [ 32 ]. Although our study was performed among a selected group of patients with CAD participating in a prospective study, it is interesting to compare our cohort also in terms of the necessary hardware availability, that is, smartphone ownership in this patient group in general. Between 2019 and 2020, a large cross-sectional study among cardiac inpatients in Australia reported a high frequency of smartphone ownership (85%-89%) among patients aged 50-69 years and lower ownership (~60%) in patients aged 70-79 years [ 33 ]. In our sample (mean age 57 years, SD 9 years), every patient owned a smartphone and one-third also used activity trackers/smartwatches, which might also be explained by the differences between countries (Australia vs Germany/Spain). Percentage of technology ownership as well as usage and expectations for eHealth were not different between Germany and Spain, even though the Spanish population was significantly older ( P =.001) and clinical characteristics differed to some extent. Further, CR in Spain is based on outpatient care, which, while equally effective in terms of reaching the main CR outcomes, could have affected the estimated need for eHealth in this population. Of the analyzed psychological factors, only psychological flexibility showed some predictive value for eHealth acceptance. This result partly contradicts previous findings among older (>60 years) residents of Hong Kong, wherein optimism was significantly related to perceived eHealth usefulness [ 34 ]. To what extent these differences are caused by differences in age or cultural background warrant further investigations.

State-of-the-art digital health care programs face numerous technical and interoperability hurdles that make implementation difficult. This includes transmitting physiological measurements from ECGs and blood pressure monitors as well as data from activity trackers and other wearables to a centralized platform. Respective solutions rely on wireless networks; different hardware, software, and algorithms for capturing and processing data; as well as connected dashboards. Challenges include system reliability, data quality, interoperability, and overall, the highest level of data security. We have not asked the involved patients about their opinions on system availability and stability, as these aspects as well as data security and privacy need to meet the highest standards as conditio sine qua non when providing eHealth to patients. However, information regarding these aspects needs to be provided to patients in sufficient detail, since privacy-related concerns represent considerable barriers [ 15 , 35 ]. These technical requirements and interdependencies result in high costs for any eHealth solution targeting to improve patients’ self-care. Foreseen functionalities should thus not only be based on current guidelines but should be aligned with patient needs and expectations. This study shows that patients with CAD expected considerable merit in the documentation and availability of their diagnosis, laboratory results, and current medication—all details that would be part of an electronic health record. Patients also showed interest in their overall risk score, which TIMELY will base on a biomarker score to predict the 10-year mortality risk [ 36 , 37 ]. The majority of patients rated the usefulness of blood pressure and ECG monitors as high or very high. Functionalities related to support daily physical activities and physical exercise were perceived as (very) useful, with most patients indicating a high need for progress documentation and regular updates on personalized training recommendations. This observation is relevant since commercial activity trackers have been reported to significantly increase the daily step count and aerobic capacity in patients undergoing CR [ 38 , 39 ], and a considerable number of patients were already relying on commercial solutions, which, however, do not always provide the necessary level of data protection and have not been tested sufficiently in patient populations. Functionalities related to other important parts of CR, including smoking cessation, stress management, advice on heart-healthy eating, as well as self-education, were perceived as less useful or rated neutral, likely depending on the individual perceived needs of the patients. This aspect was pronounced for smoking cessation, which was perceived as an important part of CR, but 50% of the smokers indicated that they did not want support with this health-related aspect.

Limitations

Although reporting on 2 samples of participants undergoing CR from Germany and Spain with cultural and socioeconomic differences is a strength of this study, this report may be affected by the potential study selection bias since patients participating in scientific research studies differ in terms of motivational aspects. However, our sample population did not differ with respect to the sociodemographic characteristics of the samples of patients with CAD undergoing CR who were analyzed in previous reports [ 22 ]. It should be noted that health literacy, a central factor in eHealth usage and a pivotal determinant of health in general, is a complex construct and was not assessed in all dimensions in our study population. The results of naïve Bayes classification should be interpreted with care since validation in an independent data set was not performed. The timepoint and situation of this survey may also have affected the results since patients may answer differently when asked in their home environment or with greater time interval after an acute event. Focus groups may allow for more and detailed information on the reasoning underlying the reported answers to this guided survey, and the results of focus groups within TIMELY will be reported elsewhere.

This survey involving patients undergoing CR in Germany and Spain revealed that eHealth for CR maintenance should emphasize on support for regular physical activity and physical exercise, including patient feedback on achievements and renewal of training recommendations. Devices for physiological measurements, including blood pressure and ECG monitors, were considered useful, and most patients expressed a need for the documentation of diagnosis, medication, and laboratory results in terms of an electronic health record. In general, the patients who took part in this project showed a sufficient level of digital literacy and current usage of technology to make good use of even more advanced eHealth solutions. Although only minor differences were observed among Spanish and German patients as well as between female and male patients and educational status did not appear to be a contributing factor, it is crucial to note substantial variability in patients’ individual needs and expectations. Consequently, eHealth solutions should prioritize personalization to enhance user acceptance. Next steps of the TIMELY Living Lab will involve analyses of details on the implementation of the individual CR functionalities and feedback on the mobile app design.

Acknowledgments

We thank all the patients involved in this study for participating and appreciate the help of our colleagues in answering the Delphi questions to develop the survey used in this project. BS, FM, MH, CP-G, and WJK received funding from the European Commission within the H2020 framework (project TIMELY, grant agreement number 101017424).

Data Availability

The data generated during this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Authors' Contributions

BS, SW, and FM designed this study. SW, MSF, HS, MAV, and VG-S performed the survey and collected the data. SW, MSF, and BS analyzed the data. BS, WJK, and MH interpreted the results. BS, SW, and ERD wrote the manuscript. FM, WJK, MH, CP-G, and DG provided important intellectual content. All authors contributed to the revision of the manuscript and approved the final version of the manuscript.

Conflicts of Interest

BS is the Associate Editor of JMIR Rehabilitation and Assistive Technologies . The other authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Details of the survey.

  • Graham I, Atar D, Borch-Johnsen K, Boysen G, Burell G, Cifkova R, et al. European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Committee for Practice Guidelines (CPG). European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: executive summary: Fourth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (Constituted by representatives of nine societies and by invited experts). Eur Heart J. Oct 2007;28 (19):2375-2414. [ CrossRef ] [ Medline ]
  • Piepoli MF, Corrà U, Adamopoulos S, Benzer W, Bjarnason-Wehrens B, Cupples M, et al. Secondary prevention in the clinical management of patients with cardiovascular diseases. Core components, standards and outcome measures for referral and delivery: A Policy Statement from the Cardiac Rehabilitation Section of the European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation. Endorsed by the Committee for Practice Guidelines of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur J Prev Cardiol. Jun 2014;21 (6):664-681. [ CrossRef ] [ Medline ]
  • Ambrosetti M, Abreu A, Corrà U, Davos CH, Hansen D, Frederix I, et al. Secondary prevention through comprehensive cardiovascular rehabilitation: From knowledge to implementation. 2020 update. A position paper from the Secondary Prevention and Rehabilitation Section of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology. Eur J Prev Cardiol. May 14, 2021;28 (5):460-495. [ CrossRef ] [ Medline ]
  • Simon M, Korn K, Cho L, Blackburn GG, Raymond C. Cardiac rehabilitation: A class 1 recommendation. Cleve Clin J Med. Jul 2018;85 (7):551-558. [ FREE Full text ] [ CrossRef ] [ Medline ]
  • Leon AS, Franklin BA, Costa F, Balady GJ, Berra KA, Stewart KJ, American Heart Association; Council on Clinical Cardiology (Subcommittee on Exercise‚ Cardiac Rehabilitation‚Prevention); Council on Nutrition‚ Physical Activity‚Metabolism (Subcommittee on Physical Activity); et al. American association of CardiovascularPulmonary Rehabilitation. Cardiac rehabilitation and secondary prevention of coronary heart disease: an American Heart Association scientific statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology (Subcommittee on Exercise, Cardiac Rehabilitation, and Prevention) and the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism (Subcommittee on Physical Activity), in collaboration with the American association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation. Circulation. Jan 25, 2005;111 (3):369-376. [ CrossRef ] [ Medline ]
  • Heimer M, Schmitz S, Teschler M, Schäfer H, Douma ER, Habibovic M, et al. eHealth for maintenance cardiovascular rehabilitation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Prev Cardiol. Oct 26, 2023;30 (15):1634-1651. [ CrossRef ] [ Medline ]
  • Denton F, Waddell A, Kite C, Hesketh K, Atkinson L, Cocks M, et al. Remote maintenance cardiac rehabilitation (MAINTAIN): A protocol for a randomised feasibility study. Digit Health. 2023;9:20552076231152176. [ FREE Full text ] [ CrossRef ] [ Medline ]
  • Andersen RM, Skou ST, Clausen MB, Jäger M, Zangger G, Grøntved A, et al. Maintenance of physical activity after cardiac rehabilitation (FAIR): study protocol for a feasibility trial. BMJ Open. Apr 05, 2022;12 (4):e060157. [ FREE Full text ] [ CrossRef ] [ Medline ]
  • Bjarnason-Wehrens B, Grande G, Loewel H, Völler H, Mittag O. Gender-specific issues in cardiac rehabilitation: do women with ischaemic heart disease need specially tailored programmes? Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. Apr 2007;14 (2):163-171. [ CrossRef ] [ Medline ]
  • Russell MW, Huse DM, Drowns S, Hamel EC, Hartz SC. Direct medical costs of coronary artery disease in the United States. Am J Cardiol. May 01, 1998;81 (9):1110-1115. [ CrossRef ] [ Medline ]
  • Brørs G, Pettersen TR, Hansen TB, Fridlund B, Hølvold LB, Lund H, et al. Modes of e-Health delivery in secondary prevention programmes for patients with coronary artery disease: a systematic review. BMC Health Serv Res. Jun 10, 2019;19 (1):364. [ FREE Full text ] [ CrossRef ] [ Medline ]
  • Walsh DMJ, Moran K, Cornelissen V, Buys R, Claes J, Zampognaro P, et al. The development and codesign of the PATHway intervention: a theory-driven eHealth platform for the self-management of cardiovascular disease. Transl Behav Med. Jan 01, 2019;9 (1):76-98. [ CrossRef ] [ Medline ]
  • Silva-Cardoso J, Juanatey JRG, Comin-Colet J, Sousa JM, Cavalheiro A, Moreira E. The future of telemedicine in the management of heart failure patients. Card Fail Rev. Mar 2021;7:e11. [ FREE Full text ] [ CrossRef ] [ Medline ]
  • Verburg A, Selder JL, Schalij MJ, Schuuring MJ, Treskes RW. eHealth to improve patient outcome in rehabilitating myocardial infarction patients. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. Mar 2019;17 (3):185-192. [ CrossRef ] [ Medline ]
  • Frederix I, Caiani EG, Dendale P, Anker S, Bax J, Böhm A, et al. ESC e-Cardiology Working Group Position Paper: Overcoming challenges in digital health implementation in cardiovascular medicine. Eur J Prev Cardiol. Jul 2019;26 (11):1166-1177. [ FREE Full text ] [ CrossRef ] [ Medline ]
  • Schreiweis B, Pobiruchin M, Strotbaum V, Suleder J, Wiesner M, Bergh B. Barriers and facilitators to the implementation of ehealth services: systematic literature analysis. J Med Internet Res. Nov 22, 2019;21 (11):e14197. [ FREE Full text ] [ CrossRef ] [ Medline ]
  • Herrera S, Salazar A, Nazar G. Barriers and supports in eHealth implementation among people with chronic cardiovascular ailments: integrative review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. Jul 07, 2022;19 (14):8296. [ FREE Full text ] [ CrossRef ] [ Medline ]
  • Kop W, Schmitz B, Gatsios D, Peña-Gil C, Gonzalez Juanatey J, Cantarero Prieto D, et al. Patient-centered lifestyle intervention using artificial intelligence methodologies: The TIMELY project for cardiac rehabilitation. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. Jun 2022;157:110872. [ CrossRef ]
  • Zipfel N, Horreh B, Hulshof CTJ, de Boer AGEM, van der Burg-Vermeulen SJ. The relationship between the living lab approach and successful implementation of healthcare innovations: an integrative review. BMJ Open. Jun 28, 2022;12 (6):e058630. [ FREE Full text ] [ CrossRef ] [ Medline ]
  • Murphy MK, Black NA, Lamping DL, McKee CM, Sanderson CF, Askham J, et al. Consensus development methods, and their use in clinical guideline development. Health Technol Assess. 1998;2 (3):i-iv, 1. [ FREE Full text ] [ Medline ]
  • Schmitz B, De Maria R, Gatsios D, Chrysanthakopoulou T, Landolina M, Gasparini M, et al. Identification of genetic markers for treatment success in heart failure patients: insight from cardiac resynchronization therapy. Circ Cardiovasc Genet. Dec 2014;7 (6):760-770. [ CrossRef ] [ Medline ]
  • Teschler M, Heimer M, Schmitz B, Kemmler W, Mooren FC. Four weeks of electromyostimulation improves muscle function and strength in sarcopenic patients: a three-arm parallel randomized trial. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. Aug 2021;12 (4):843-854. [ FREE Full text ] [ CrossRef ] [ Medline ]
  • Bond FW, Hayes SC, Baer RA, Carpenter KM, Guenole N, Orcutt HK, et al. Preliminary psychometric properties of the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II: a revised measure of psychological inflexibility and experiential avoidance. Behav Ther. Dec 2011;42 (4):676-688. [ CrossRef ] [ Medline ]
  • Scheier MF, Carver CS, Bridges MW. Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism (and trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem): a reevaluation of the Life Orientation Test. J Pers Soc Psychol. Dec 1994;67 (6):1063-1078. [ CrossRef ] [ Medline ]
  • Denollet J. DS14: standard assessment of negative affectivity, social inhibition, and Type D personality. Psychosom Med. 2005;67 (1):89-97. [ CrossRef ] [ Medline ]
  • Watson D, Clark LA, Tellegen A. Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. J Pers Soc Psychol. Jun 1988;54 (6):1063-1070. [ CrossRef ] [ Medline ]
  • Reinecke H, Breithardt G, Engelbertz C, Schmieder RE, Fobker M, Pinnschmidt HO, et al. Baseline characteristics and prescription patterns of standard drugs in patients with angiographically determined coronary artery disease and renal failure (CAD-REF registry). PLoS One. 2016;11 (2):e0148057. [ FREE Full text ] [ CrossRef ] [ Medline ]
  • Kraal JJ, Van den Akker-Van Marle ME, Abu-Hanna A, Stut W, Peek N, Kemps HM. Clinical and cost-effectiveness of home-based cardiac rehabilitation compared to conventional, centre-based cardiac rehabilitation: Results of the FIT@Home study. Eur J Prev Cardiol. Aug 2017;24 (12):1260-1273. [ FREE Full text ] [ CrossRef ] [ Medline ]
  • Rawstorn JC, Gant N, Direito A, Beckmann C, Maddison R. Telehealth exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart. Aug 01, 2016;102 (15):1183-1192. [ CrossRef ] [ Medline ]
  • Frederix I, Solmi F, Piepoli MF, Dendale P. Cardiac telerehabilitation: A novel cost-efficient care delivery strategy that can induce long-term health benefits. Eur J Prev Cardiol. Nov 2017;24 (16):1708-1717. [ CrossRef ] [ Medline ]
  • Kontos E, Blake KD, Chou WS, Prestin A. Predictors of eHealth usage: insights on the digital divide from the Health Information National Trends Survey 2012. J Med Internet Res. Jul 16, 2014;16 (7):e172. [ FREE Full text ] [ CrossRef ] [ Medline ]
  • Gray R, Indraratna P, Lovell N, Ooi S. Digital health technology in the prevention of heart failure and coronary artery disease. Cardiovasc Digit Health J. Dec 2022;3 (6 Suppl):S9-S16. [ FREE Full text ] [ CrossRef ] [ Medline ]
  • Indraratna P, Magdy J, Li J, et al. Patterns and predictors of smartphone ownership in a cardiology inpatient population. Eur Heart J. Oct 14, 2021.:3110-3111. [ CrossRef ]
  • Kim S, Chow BC, Park S, Liu H. The usage of digital health technology among older adults in Hong Kong and the role of technology readiness and eHealth literacy: path analysis. J Med Internet Res. Apr 12, 2023;25:e41915. [ FREE Full text ] [ CrossRef ] [ Medline ]
  • Coorey GM, Neubeck L, Mulley J, Redfern J. Effectiveness, acceptability and usefulness of mobile applications for cardiovascular disease self-management: Systematic review with meta-synthesis of quantitative and qualitative data. Eur J Prev Cardiol. Mar 2018;25 (5):505-521. [ CrossRef ] [ Medline ]
  • Goliasch G, Kleber ME, Richter B, Plischke M, Hoke M, Haschemi A, et al. Routinely available biomarkers improve prediction of long-term mortality in stable coronary artery disease: the Vienna and Ludwigshafen Coronary Artery Disease (VILCAD) risk score. Eur Heart J. Sep 2012;33 (18):2282-2289. [ CrossRef ] [ Medline ]
  • Kleber ME, Goliasch G, Grammer TB, Pilz S, Tomaschitz A, Silbernagel G, et al. Evolving biomarkers improve prediction of long-term mortality in patients with stable coronary artery disease: the BIO-VILCAD score. J Intern Med. Aug 2014;276 (2):184-194. [ FREE Full text ] [ CrossRef ] [ Medline ]
  • Ashur C, Cascino TM, Lewis C, Townsend W, Sen A, Pekmezi D, et al. Do wearable activity trackers increase physical activity among cardiac rehabilitation participants? A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev. Jul 01, 2021;41 (4):249-256. [ CrossRef ] [ Medline ]
  • Su JJ, Yu DSF, Paguio JT. Effect of eHealth cardiac rehabilitation on health outcomes of coronary heart disease patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Adv Nurs. Mar 2020;76 (3):754-772. [ CrossRef ] [ Medline ]

Abbreviations

Edited by T de Azevedo Cardoso, S He; submitted 26.10.23; peer-reviewed by J Su, D Liu, P Dilaveris; comments to author 20.12.23; revised version received 28.12.23; accepted 30.01.24; published 22.02.24.

©Boris Schmitz, Svenja Wirtz, Manuela Sestayo-Fernández, Hendrik Schäfer, Emma R Douma, Marta Alonso Vazquez, Violeta González-Salvado, Mirela Habibovic, Dimitris Gatsios, Willem Johan Kop, Carlos Peña-Gil, Frank Mooren. Originally published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research (https://www.jmir.org), 22.02.2024.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research, is properly cited. The complete bibliographic information, a link to the original publication on https://www.jmir.org/, as well as this copyright and license information must be included.

download research papers site

Journal of Materials Chemistry A

Herringbone packed contorted aromatics with ordered three-dimensional channels as fast-charging and low-temperature lithium-ion battery anodes †.

ORCID logo

* Corresponding authors

a The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry, Joint International Research Laboratory of Resource Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Non-Carbon Energy Conversion and Utilization Institute, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, P. R. China E-mail: [email protected] , [email protected] , [email protected] , [email protected]

b Department of Chemistry, Research Center of Nano Science and Technology, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China E-mail: [email protected]

c Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China

The long transmission pathways and slow lithium-ion insertion process are the main challenges of anode materials for fast-charging and low-temperature lithium-ion batteries. Herein, hierarchical supramolecular structures with a herringbone packing motif were achieved in the self-assembled crystals of contorted hexabenzocoronene octa-ketone ( c -HBC-8O) through C–H⋯π interactions. Due to the formation of ordered three-dimensional lithium-ion transport channels, c -HBC-8O yielded a lithium-ion diffusion coefficient of up to 4.1 × 10 −8 cm 2 s −1 , which is one order of magnitude higher than those of previously reported organic anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. As a proof-of-concept, the c -HBC-8O anode delivered outstanding fast-charging ability, high capacity and durable cycle stability of 298.3 mA h g −1 at 5 A g −1 after 3000 cycles (25 °C) and 320 mA h g −1 at 200 mA g −1 after 1000 cycles even at low temperature (−20 °C). The present strategy opens up new approaches for the design of π-conjugated anode materials for lithium-ion batteries based on weak C–H⋯π interactions.

Graphical abstract: Herringbone packed contorted aromatics with ordered three-dimensional channels as fast-charging and low-temperature lithium-ion battery anodes

  • This article is part of the themed collection: Journal of Materials Chemistry A HOT Papers

Supplementary files

  • Supplementary information PDF (4955K)
  • Crystal structure data CIF (1335K)

Article information

Download citation, permissions.

download research papers site

Herringbone packed contorted aromatics with ordered three-dimensional channels as fast-charging and low-temperature lithium-ion battery anodes

L. Yang, X. Zhu, Q. Zhou, C. Qi, Q. Wang, F. Shi, M. Zhu, G. Chen, D. Wang, X. Liu, L. Wang, D. Zhang, H. Li and S. Xiao, J. Mater. Chem. A , 2024, Advance Article , DOI: 10.1039/D3TA07337H

To request permission to reproduce material from this article, please go to the Copyright Clearance Center request page .

If you are an author contributing to an RSC publication, you do not need to request permission provided correct acknowledgement is given.

If you are the author of this article, you do not need to request permission to reproduce figures and diagrams provided correct acknowledgement is given. If you want to reproduce the whole article in a third-party publication (excluding your thesis/dissertation for which permission is not required) please go to the Copyright Clearance Center request page .

Read more about how to correctly acknowledge RSC content .

Social activity

Search articles by author.

This article has not yet been cited.

Advertisements

NASA Logo

Webb Finds Evidence for Neutron Star at Heart of Young Supernova Remnant

A three-panel image of a supernova remnant. The left panel is labeled “NIRCam” while the two right panels are labeled “MIRI M R S Argon two” (at top) and “NIRSpec I F U Argon six” (at bottom). At left, a mottled light pinkish-orange oval whose inner edge resembles a string of pearls. Within the oval is a dense blue-green cloud, shaped like a keyhole. Three stars with six-point diffraction patterns surround the oval. Above and below these structures, are very faint orange rings, which form a figure eight pattern. The center of the supernova remnant is surrounded by a white box with lines leading to the upper and lower right of the image, where two stacked panels show a bright orange ring with an orange dot in the middle. The upper panel is fuzzier and more blobby, while the bottom panel has more clearly defined edges around the ring and central dot.

NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope has found the best evidence yet for emission from a neutron star at the site of a recently observed supernova. The supernova, known as SN 1987A, was a core-collapse supernova, meaning the compacted remains at its core formed either a neutron star or a black hole. Evidence for such a compact object has long been sought, and while indirect evidence for the presence of a neutron star has previously been found, this is the first time that the effects of high-energy emission from the probable young neutron star have been detected.

Supernovae – the explosive final death throes of some massive stars – blast out within hours, and the brightness of the explosion peaks within a few months. The remains of the exploding star will continue to evolve at a rapid rate over the following decades, offering a rare opportunity for astronomers to study a key astronomical process in real time.

Supernova 1987A

The supernova SN 1987A occurred 160,000 light-years from Earth in the Large Magellanic Cloud. It was first observed on Earth in February 1987, and its brightness peaked in May of that year. It was the first supernova that could be seen with the naked eye since Kepler's Supernova was observed in 1604.

About two hours prior to the first visible-light observation of SN 1987A, three observatories around the world detected a burst of neutrinos lasting only a few seconds. The two different types of observations were linked to the same supernova event, and provided important evidence to inform the theory of how core-collapse supernovae take place. This theory included the expectation that this type of supernova would form a neutron star or a black hole. Astronomers have searched for evidence for one or the other of these compact objects at the center of the expanding remnant material ever since.

Indirect evidence for the presence of a neutron star at the center of the remnant has been found in the past few years, and observations of much older supernova remnants –such as the Crab Nebula – confirm that neutron stars are found in many supernova remnants. However, no direct evidence of a neutron star in the aftermath of SN 1987A (or any other such recent supernova explosion) had been observed, until now.

Image: Supernova 1987A

Claes Fransson of Stockholm University, and the lead author on this study, explained: “From theoretical models of SN 1987A, the 10-second burst of neutrinos observed just before the supernova implied that a neutron star or black hole was formed in the explosion. But we have not observed any compelling signature of such a newborn object from any supernova explosion. With this observatory, we have now found direct evidence for emission triggered by the newborn compact object, most likely a neutron star.”

Webb’s Observations of SN 1987A

Webb began science observations in July 2022, and the Webb observations behind this work were taken on July 16, making the SN 1987A remnant one of the first objects observed by Webb. The team used the Medium Resolution Spectrograph (MRS) mode of Webb’s MIRI (Mid-Infrared Instrument), which members of the same team helped to develop. The MRS is a type of instrument known as an Integral Field Unit (IFU).

IFUs are able to image an object and take a spectrum of it at the same time. An IFU forms a spectrum at each pixel, allowing observers to see spectroscopic differences across the object. Analysis of the Doppler shift of each spectrum also permits the evaluation of the velocity at each position.

Spectral analysis of the results showed a strong signal due to ionized argon from the center of the ejected material that surrounds the original site of SN 1987A. Subsequent observations using Webb’s NIRSpec (Near-Infrared Spectrograph) IFU at shorter wavelengths found even more heavily ionized chemical elements, particularly five times ionized argon (meaning argon atoms that have lost five of their 18 electrons). Such ions require highly energetic photons to form, and those photons have to come from somewhere.

“To create these ions that we observed in the ejecta, it was clear that there had to be a source of high-energy radiation in the center of the SN 1987A remnant,” Fransson said. “In the paper we discuss different possibilities, finding that only a few scenarios are likely, and all of these involve a newly born neutron star.”

More observations are planned this year, with Webb and ground-based telescopes. The research team hopes ongoing study will provide more clarity about exactly what is happening in the heart of the SN 1987A remnant. These observations will hopefully stimulate the development of more detailed models, ultimately enabling astronomers to better understand not just SN 1987A, but all core-collapse supernovae.

These findings were published in the journal Science.

The James Webb Space Telescope is the world’s premier space science observatory. Webb is solving mysteries in our solar system, looking beyond to distant worlds around other stars, and probing the mysterious structures and origins of our universe and our place in it. Webb is an international program led by NASA with its partners, ESA (European Space Agency) and the Canadian Space Agency.

Right click the images in this article to open a larger version in a new tab/window.

Download full resolution images for this article from the Space Telescope Science Institute.

Media Contacts

Rob Gutro - [email protected] NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, Md.

Christine Pulliam - [email protected] Space Telescope Science Institute , Baltimore, Md.

Related Information

Star LifeCycle

More Webb News - https://science.nasa.gov/mission/webb/latestnews/

More Webb Images - https://science.nasa.gov/mission/webb/multimedia/images/

Webb Mission Page - https://science.nasa.gov/mission/webb/

Related For Kids

What is a supernova?

What is the Webb Telescope?

SpacePlace for Kids

Ciencia de la NASA

NASA en español 

Space Place para niños

Related Topics

James Webb Space Telescope

download research papers site

Stars Stories

download research papers site

Related Terms

  • Astrophysics
  • Goddard Space Flight Center
  • James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)
  • Neutron Stars
  • Science &amp; Research
  • The Universe

download research papers site

RECOMMENDED READS

  • I-JEPA: The first AI model based on Yann LeCun’s vision for more human-like AI
  • Celebrating 10 years of FAIR: A decade of advancing the state-of-the-art through open research
  • Turing Award presented to Yann LeCun, Geoffrey Hinton, and Yoshua Bengio
  • Today, we’re publicly releasing the Video Joint Embedding Predictive Architecture (V-JEPA) model, a crucial step in advancing machine intelligence with a more grounded understanding of the world.
  • This early example of a physical world model excels at detecting and understanding highly detailed interactions between objects.
  • In the spirit of responsible open science, we’re releasing this model under a Creative Commons NonCommercial license for researchers to further explore.

As humans, much of what we learn about the world around us—particularly in our early stages of life—is gleaned through observation. Take Newton’s third law of motion: Even an infant (or a cat) can intuit, after knocking several items off a table and observing the results, that what goes up must come down. You don’t need hours of instruction or to read thousands of books to arrive at that result. Your internal world model—a contextual understanding based on a mental model of the world—predicts these consequences for you, and it’s highly efficient.

“V-JEPA is a step toward a more grounded understanding of the world so machines can achieve more generalized reasoning and planning,” says Meta’s VP & Chief AI Scientist Yann LeCun, who proposed the original Joint Embedding Predictive Architectures (JEPA) in 2022. “Our goal is to build advanced machine intelligence that can learn more like humans do, forming internal models of the world around them to learn, adapt, and forge plans efficiently in the service of completing complex tasks.”

Video JEPA in focus

V-JEPA is a non-generative model that learns by predicting missing or masked parts of a video in an abstract representation space. This is similar to how our Image Joint Embedding Predictive Architecture (I-JEPA) compares abstract representations of images (rather than comparing the pixels themselves). Unlike generative approaches that try to fill in every missing pixel, V-JEPA has the flexibility to discard unpredictable information, which leads to improved training and sample efficiency by a factor between 1.5x and 6x.

Because it takes a self-supervised learning approach, V-JEPA is pre-trained entirely with unlabeled data. Labels are only used to adapt the model to a particular task after pre-training. This type of architecture proves more efficient than previous models, both in terms of the number of labeled examples needed and the total amount of effort put into learning even the unlabeled data. With V-JEPA, we’ve seen efficiency boosts on both of these fronts.

With V-JEPA, we mask out a large portion of a video so the model is only shown a little bit of the context. We then ask the predictor to fill in the blanks of what’s missing—not in terms of the actual pixels, but rather as a more abstract description in this representation space.

download research papers site

Masking methodology

V-JEPA wasn’t trained to understand one specific type of action. Instead it used self-supervised training on a range of videos and learned a number of things about how the world works. The team also carefully considered the masking strategy—if you don’t block out large regions of the video and instead randomly sample patches here and there, it makes the task too easy and your model doesn’t learn anything particularly complicated about the world.

It’s also important to note that, in most videos, things evolve somewhat slowly over time. If you mask a portion of the video but only for a specific instant in time and the model can see what came immediately before and/or immediately after, it also makes things too easy and the model almost certainly won’t learn anything interesting. As such, the team used an approach where it masked portions of the video in both space and time, which forces the model to learn and develop an understanding of the scene.

Efficient predictions

Making these predictions in the abstract representation space is important because it allows the model to focus on the higher-level conceptual information of what the video contains without worrying about the kind of details that are most often unimportant for downstream tasks. After all, if a video shows a tree, you’re likely not concerned about the minute movements of each individual leaf.

One of the reasons why we’re excited about this direction is that V-JEPA is the first model for video that’s good at “frozen evaluations,” which means we do all of our self-supervised pre-training on the encoder and the predictor, and then we don’t touch those parts of the model anymore. When we want to adapt them to learn a new skill, we just train a small lightweight specialized layer or a small network on top of that, which is very efficient and quick.

download research papers site

Previous work had to do full fine-tuning, which means that after pre-training your model, when you want the model to get really good at fine-grained action recognition while you’re adapting your model to take on that task, you have to update the parameters or the weights in all of your model. And then that model overall becomes specialized at doing that one task and it’s not going to be good for anything else anymore. If you want to teach the model a different task, you have to use different data, and you have to specialize the entire model for this other task. With V-JEPA, as we’ve demonstrated in this work, we can pre-train the model once without any labeled data, fix that, and then reuse those same parts of the model for several different tasks, like action classification, recognition of fine-grained object interactions, and activity localization.

download research papers site

Avenues for future research...

While the “V” in V-JEPA stands for “video,” it only accounts for the visual content of videos thus far. A more multimodal approach is an obvious next step, so we’re thinking carefully about incorporating audio along with the visuals.

As a proof of concept, the current V-JEPA model excels at fine-grained object interactions and distinguishing detailed object-to-object interactions that happen over time. For example, if the model needs to be able to distinguish between someone putting down a pen, picking up a pen, and pretending to put down a pen but not actually doing it, V-JEPA is quite good compared to previous methods for that high-grade action recognition task. However, those things work on relatively short time scales. If you show V-JEPA a video clip of a few seconds, maybe up to 10 seconds, it’s great for that. So another important step for us is thinking about planning and the model’s ability to make predictions over a longer time horizon.

...and the path toward AMI

To date, our work with V-JEPA has been primarily about perception—understanding the contents of various video streams in order to obtain some context about the world immediately surrounding us. The predictor in this Joint Embedding Predictive Architecture serves as an early physical world model: You don’t have to see everything that’s happening in the frame, and it can tell you conceptually what’s happening there. As a next step, we want to show how we can use this kind of a predictor or world model for planning or sequential decision-making.

We know that it’s possible to train JEPA models on video data without requiring strong supervision and that they can watch videos in the way an infant might—just observing the world passively, learning a lot of interesting things about how to understand the context of those videos in such a way that, with a small amount of labeled data, you can quickly acquire a new task and ability to recognize different actions.

V-JEPA is a research model, and we’re exploring a number of future applications. For example, we expect that the context V-JEPA provides could be useful for our embodied AI work as well as our work to build a contextual AI assistant for future AR glasses. We firmly believe in the value of responsible open science, and that’s why we’re releasing the V-JEPA model under the CC BY-NC license so other researchers can extend this work.

Our latest updates delivered to your inbox

Subscribe to our newsletter to keep up with Meta AI news, events, research breakthroughs, and more.

Join us in the pursuit of what’s possible with AI.

download research papers site

Latest Work

Our Actions

Meta © 2024

IMAGES

  1. how to download paid research papers for free|top 3 websites to

    download research papers site

  2. 12 Top Websites To Download Research Papers For Free

    download research papers site

  3. 12 Easy Ways To Download Research Papers For Free In 2023

    download research papers site

  4. 12 Top Websites To Download Research Papers For Free

    download research papers site

  5. How to Search and Download Research paper//Google Scholar//Sci-hub

    download research papers site

  6. 9 Sites to Download Research Papers for Free

    download research papers site

VIDEO

  1. How to download research papers

  2. How to Download Research Papers and Articles for Free?

  3. How to download research papers and books for free|How to download research papers from SCI-HUB free

  4. How to download research papers online #education

  5. Using OpenVPN to access and download research papers from KKU network

  6. Research paper Download Free

COMMENTS

  1. Sci-Hub: everyone is a pirate

    Sci-Hub website. Get free access to academic journals. Download research papers for free from ScienceDirect, IEEE, Wiley, Springer, Nature and others

  2. 14 Websites to Download Research Paper for Free

    PaperPanda - Download Research Papers for Free Collecting and reading relevant research articles to one's research areas is important for PhD scholars. However, for any research scholar, downloading a research paper is one of the most difficult tasks.

  3. Sci-Hub

    A research paper is a special publication written by scientists to be read by other researchers. Papers are primary sources neccessary for research - for example, they contain detailed description of new results and experiments. papers in Sci-Hub library: more than 84,794,279. At this time the widest possible distribution of research papers ...

  4. OA.mg

    OA.mg · Open Access for Everyone · Download and read over 240 million research papers "The only truly modern academic research engine" ϟ OA.mg is a search engine for academic papers, specialising in Open Access. We have over 250 million papers in our index. Friends and Partners We've been working hard

  5. 15 Best Websites to Download Research Papers for Free

    #1. Sci-Hub - Best for Accessing Paywalled Academic Papers Credits: Armacad Summary Unlocks millions of academic articles Known as the 'Robin Hood' of research Free and easy to use Sci-Hub is the defiant maverick of the academic sphere.

  6. Internet Archive Scholar

    Internet Archive Scholar This fulltext search index includes over 35 million research articles and other scholarly documents preserved in the Internet Archive. The collection spans from digitized copies of eighteenth century journals through the latest Open Access conference proceedings and preprints crawled from the World Wide Web. More »

  7. Best Websites To Download Research Papers For Free: Beyond Sci-Hub

    Best Websites To Download Research Papers For Free: Beyond Sci-Hub By: Andy Published on: November 30, 2023 Navigating the vast ocean of academic research can be daunting, especially when you're on a quest for specific research papers without the constraints of paywalls.

  8. 21 Legit Research Databases for Free Journal Articles in 2022

    #scribendiinc Written by Scribendi Has this ever happened to you? While looking for websites for research, you come across a research paper site that claims to connect academics to a peer-reviewed article database for free.

  9. Academia.edu

    Download 47 million PDFs for free Sign Up Registered Users 252m+ Uploaded Papers 47m+ Daily Recommendations 20m Explore our top research interests Browse All Topics History 9.86 M Followers 730 K Papers 324 K Authors Medieval History 89.4 K papers Ancient History 80.3 K papers Cultural History 58 K papers Early Modern History 47.1 K papers

  10. Top 11 Websites for Free Research Paper Downloads

    Step 1: Go to the Z-Library website ( https://singlelogin.me/ ) and Sign In. Step 2: Browse through the categories or use the search bar to find the book you want. Step 3: Click on the book to open it.

  11. Find and Download Scientific Papers

    Find scientific papers by searching here or download the Chrome extension Unlocking Knowledge: Your Gateway to Open Access Scientific Papers and Research Data Introduction In the digital era, the quest for knowledge and scientific discovery is no longer confined to the walls of academia and research institutions.

  12. Access millions of research papers in one click

    Stop clicking and start reading. Stop navigating paywalls, search engines, and logins. PaperPanda helps you get that full-text PDF faster. ★★★★★. Access millions of research paper PDFs in one click on thousands of academic websites. Save time navigating paywalls, logins and redirects. Paper Panda searches the web for PDFs so you don ...

  13. CORE

    Explore CORE data The world's largest collection of open access research papers Search 271M papers from around the world Machine access to our vast unique full text corpus Explore Services see our data statistic A comprehensive bibliographic database of the world's scholarly literature Explore CORE data Indexing the world's repositories

  14. Open Research Library

    The Open Research Library (ORL) is planned to include all Open Access book content worldwide on one platform for user-friendly discovery, offering a seamless experience navigating more than 20,000 Open Access books.

  15. OATD

    OATD.org aims to be the best possible resource for finding open access graduate theses and dissertations published around the world. Metadata (information about the theses) comes from over 1100 colleges, universities, and research institutions . OATD currently indexes 7,396,147 theses and dissertations. About OATD (our FAQ).

  16. Search

    With 160+ million publication pages, 25+ million researchers and 1+ million questions, this is where everyone can access science. You can use AND, OR, NOT, "" and () to specify your search ...

  17. ResearchGate

    Advance your research and join a community of 25 million scientists. Join for free. Access 160+ million publications and connect with 25+ million researchers. Join for free and gain visibility by ...

  18. Semantic Scholar

    Semantic Reader is an augmented reader with the potential to revolutionize scientific reading by making it more accessible and richly contextual. Try it for select papers. G r een AI R o y Schwa tz, Jesse Dodge, N. A. Smith, O en Etzioni 2020 C eating efficiency in AI esea ch will dec ease its carbon footprint and inc ease its inclusivity as ...

  19. Research articles

    Comparison of tendon and muscle belly vibratory stimulation in the treatment of post-stroke upper extremity spasticity: a retrospective observational pilot study. Kenta Takeuchi. Takashi ...

  20. JSTOR Home

    Harness the power of visual materials—explore more than 3 million images now on JSTOR. Enhance your scholarly research with underground newspapers, magazines, and journals. Explore collections in the arts, sciences, and literature from the world's leading museums, archives, and scholars. JSTOR is a digital library of academic journals ...

  21. Directory of Open Access Journals

    About the directory. DOAJ is a unique and extensive index of diverse open access journals from around the world, driven by a growing community, and is committed to ensuring quality content is freely available online for everyone. DOAJ is committed to keeping its services free of charge, including being indexed, and its data freely available.

  22. ScienceOpen

    Make an impact and build your research profile in the open with ScienceOpen. Search and discover relevant research in over 92 million Open Access articles and article records; Share your expertise and get credit by publicly reviewing any article; Publish your poster or preprint and track usage and impact with article- and author-level metrics; Create a topical Collection to advance your ...

  23. Connected Papers

    Get a visual overview of a new academic field. Enter a typical paper and we'll build you a graph of similar papers in the field. Explore and build more graphs for interesting papers that you find - soon you'll have a real, visual understanding of the trends, popular works and dynamics of the field you're interested in.

  24. [2402.13744] Reasoning Algorithmically in Graph Neural Networks

    Download PDF Abstract: The development of artificial intelligence systems with advanced reasoning capabilities represents a persistent and long-standing research question. Traditionally, the primary strategy to address this challenge involved the adoption of symbolic approaches, where knowledge was explicitly represented by means of symbols and explicitly programmed rules.

  25. Journal of Medical Internet Research

    This paper is in the following e-collection/theme issue: Mobile Health (mhealth) (2508) Human Factors and Usability Case Studies (652) mHealth for Telemedicine and Homecare (313) Advanced Data Analytics in eHealth (78) Decision Support for Health Professionals (1001) mHealth for Symptom and Disease Monitoring, Chronic Disease Management (1201) Cardiac Disease Management (67)

  26. Herringbone packed contorted aromatics with ordered three-dimensional

    The long transmission pathways and slow lithium-ion insertion process are the main challenges of anode materials for fast-charging and low-temperature lithium-ion batteries. Herein, hierarchical supramolecular structures with a herringbone packing motif were achieved in the self-assembled crystals of contorted hexa Journal of Materials Chemistry A HOT Papers

  27. Webb Finds Evidence for Neutron Star at Heart of Young Supernova

    NASA's James Webb Space Telescope has found the best evidence yet for emission from a neutron star at the site of a recently observed supernova. The supernova, known as SN 1987A, was a core-collapse supernova, meaning the compacted remains at its core formed either a neutron star or a black hole. Evidence for such a […]

  28. PDF Strategies for Essay Writing

    This is the introduction to a paper written by Talia Blatt '23 for a biology course called "Ecology: Populations, Communities, and Ecosystems." Coastal dunes are key sites for the study of ecological succession - the process of structural change in an ecological community after a disturbance (Martinez et al., 2018).

  29. V-JEPA: The next step toward advanced machine intelligence

    V-JEPA is a non-generative model that learns by predicting missing or masked parts of a video in an abstract representation space. This is similar to how our Image Joint Embedding Predictive Architecture (I-JEPA) compares abstract representations of images (rather than comparing the pixels themselves). Unlike generative approaches that try to fill in every missing pixel, V-JEPA has the ...