The Editor’s Manual

Free learning resource on English grammar, punctuation, usage, and style.

How to Write and Say the Year

Neha Karve

Write years in numerals rather than words.

  • Dark matter was first discovered in 1933 .
  • The world changed in 2020 .

To say the year, pronounce the first two and then the second two digits as individual numbers.

  • 1995 = nineteen ninety-five
  • 2021 = twenty twenty-one

Years may be written in words in creative writing or at the start of a sentence.

  • Twenty twenty-one was the year that everything changed.

The phrase “the year” before the name of a year is generally redundant, though it can sometimes help make the meaning clearer.

  • We came here in the year 1999 .
  • The year 2000 was a turning point in human history.

Graphic titled "How to Write Years." The left panel shows the years 1997, 2005, and 2021 written in blocky numerals throwing long shadows on a yellow chevron background. The right panel has the follow rules and examples. Write in numerals (1965, 1993, 2021). Say the first two and then the second two digits as individual numbers (nineteen sixty-five, twenty twenty-one). In words, write as pronounced ("Twenty twenty-one was an important year for cats"). The phrase "the year" before the year is usually unnecessary ("She retired in 2021," not "in the year 2021").

How to write the year

Years are generally written in numerals . A specific year refers to a 365-day period (366-day in a leap year) starting January 1. Each year has its own numeric value, usually indicated using figures.

  • The first UFO was sighted in 1947 .
  • Tumkin visited Malta in 1984 .
  • In 2015 , Russia intervened in Syria.

The abbreviations BC, AD, BCE, and CE may be used to specify the era . (The BCE/CE system is numerically equal to BC/AD.)

  • The war lasted from 223 BC to AD 400 .
  • The tribe moved northward around 8000 BCE .

If no era is specified, it is assumed to be AD (or CE).

  • Emily Dickinson was born in 1830 . Understood to be AD (or CE).

Abbreviated form

In informal usage, the year may be abbreviated by using an apostrophe in place of the first two digits that indicate the century.

  • Here’s a picture of the Class of ’87 .
  • It was in ’66 that the wolves came down from the forest.
  • My parents met in the summer of ’71 .
  • The new model was launched in ’02 and has been running ever since.

Use an apostrophe, not a closing quotation mark , to abbreviate a year.

  • Incorrect: Did we go to Fiji in ‘90 or ‘91 ? Correct: Did we go to Fiji in ’90 or ’91 ?

How to say the year

Names of years are pronounced in two parts: say the first two digits and then the second two digits as if they were individual numbers.

  • 1066 = ten sixty-six ( not one thousand and sixty-six)
  • 1776 = seventeen seventy-six ( not one thousand seven hundred seventy-six)
  • 1815 = eighteen fifteen
  • 1946 = nineteen forty-six
  • 1997 = nineteen ninety-seven
  • 2010 = twenty ten
  • 2017 = twenty seventeen
  • 2020 = twenty twenty

For years up to AD 1000, the abbreviations BC and AD (or BCE and CE) are often included for clarity.

  • 5000 BC = five thousand BC
  • 722 BC = seven twenty-two BC or seven hundred twenty-two BC The word and is optional and generally omitted in American English: seven hundred twenty-two or seven hundred and twenty-two
  • 9 BCE = nine BCE
  • AD 7 = seven AD
  • AD 93 = ninety-three AD
  • AD 515 = five fifteen AD or five hundred fifteen AD
  • 723 CE = seven twenty-three CE or seven hundred twenty-three CE

For years in the first decade of a century —that is, years in which the third digit is zero — you may either pronounce the zero as “zero” or “oh,” or say the word “hundred” for the century.

  • 1801 = eighteen oh one, eighteen zero one, or eighteen hundred one
  • 1909 = nineteen oh nine, nineteen zero nine, or nineteen hundred nine

The last year of a century (1800, 1900, etc.) is said the same way as other years.

  • 1800 = eighteen hundred
  • 1900 = nineteen hundred

The years 1000 and 2000 are exceptions.

  • 1000 = the year one thousand ( not ten hundred)
  • 2000 = the year two thousand ( not twenty hundred)

The years 2001 to 2009 can be said in a few different ways.

  • 2001 = twenty oh one, twenty zero one, or two thousand and one
  • 2009 = twenty oh nine, twenty zero nine, or two thousand and nine

Pronounce abbreviated years as a single number.

  • ’77 = seventy-seven “She graduated in ’77 ” is read aloud as “She graduated in seventy-seven .”
  • ’93 = ninety-three
  • ’21 = twenty-one

Pronounce the zero as “oh” in abbreviated years.

  • ’02 = oh two “We set up the company in ’02 ” is read aloud as “We set up the company in oh two .”
  • ’03 = oh three

When years like 1900 and 2000 are abbreviated, they are pronounced as the unabbreviated year would be.

  • ’00 = the year 2000

Years written in words

When written in words, years are spelled out as they are pronounced. Don’t capitalize the numbers.

  • In twenty twenty , it became normal to work from home.
  • The war ended in nineteen forty-five .
  • Nineteen twenty-five was a watershed year in motor racing.

In formal writing, numerals are not used at the start of a sentence. The Chicago Manual of Style suggests either spelling out the year or rephrasing slightly.

The AP Stylebook suggests simply using figures for the year, even at the start of a sentence.

  • Acceptable: 2013 started with the largest gathering of human beings in history.

In creative writing, names of years are sometimes spelled out.

  • It was during that minute in nineteen hundred and eighteen , that millions upon millions of human beings stopped butchering one another. — Kurt Vonnegut , Breakfast of Champions (1973)

Note that names of years are generally written in numerals rather than words, particularly in formal writing.

  • Anita’s first book was published in 1987 . pronounced nineteen eighty-seven
  • Commercial printing began in 1450 .
  • Farley lost the lottery in 1999 , 2000 , and 2001 .
  • Rita climbed Mt. Everest in 1996 .

The year in a date

When writing dates in American style, use commas to separate the year from month and day.

  • The war ended on September 2, 1945 .
  • It was on January 1, 2001, that I first laid eyes on the diamond.
  • On March 9, 2019, Rita joined the academy as a space cadet.

Remember to “close” your commas. Place a comma both before and after the year.

  • Incorrect: The Durandians landed on October 3, 2031 in the middle of the Indian Ocean. Correct: The Durandians landed on October 3, 2031, in the middle of the Indian Ocean.

In British style, the day appears before the month, and commas are generally omitted.

  • The war ended on 2 September 1945 .
  • It was on 1 January 2001 that I first laid eyes on the diamond.
  • The Durandians landed on 3 October 2031 in the middle of the Indian Ocean.

References to the current year are usually omitted. If a date refers to the current year, don’t mention the year unless necessary.

  • Your flight is at noon on June 23 . of the current year

Years in ranges

When both years in a range belong to the same century, the digits for the century need not be repeated. If the century changes, show all the digits. Use an en dash (–) instead of a hyphen (-) to indicate a range.

  • Significant progress was seen in the period 1907–14 .
  • The war of 1939–45 left scars on the European landscape that can still be seen.
  • Not many companies survived the dot-com bubble of 1995–2000 .
  • In the years 1998–2007 , the band released three albums, all of which went platinum.

To indicate a range comprising two consecutive years, a slash is often used.

  • All courses have been canceled for the academic session of 2020/21 .
  • The 1999/2000 season was his most prolific.

“The year . . .”

Using the phrase “the year” is generally unnecessary before the name of a year. Avoid such redundancies in formal writing.

  • We completed the mission in the year 1993 .
  • The band was formed in the year 1967 .
  • In the year 2003 , the space shuttle Columbia disintegrated upon reentry into the atmosphere.

Note that sometimes “the year” may be helpful for clarity—for example, at the start of a sentence .

  • The year 1958 saw many advances in rocket science.

We also use “the year” before years up to the number 1000 and to refer to the year 2000, as these numbers may not otherwise be immediately recognizable as names of years.

  • By the year 480 , the Franks were firmly established in northeastern Gaul.
  • Zadie Smith’s White Teeth was published in the year 2000 .

Share this article

Years are generally written in numerals rather than words.

Pronounce the name of a year in two parts: say the first two and then the second two digits as individual numbers.

Use an apostrophe, not an opening quotation mark, to abbreviate a year.

Use a comma between day and year in a date.

No comma is used between month and year in the British style of writing dates.

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Home » How to write a year-in-review recap (that doesn’t sound like one of those season’s greetings letters) for your organization

How to write a year-in-review recap (that doesn’t sound like one of those season’s greetings letters) for your organization

by Olivia Marlowe-Giovetti

You know the moment: You’re going through your mail when you catch the hint of a red envelope. A snowflake stamp. “So it begins,” you think. You open the envelope and the single sheet of green paper that was clearly at the end of an ink cartridge. “ Season’s greetings to our friends and family!!! ” it reads at the top. It’s hard to get that image out of your head when it comes time to recapping the year your organization’s followers. And yet, this is the friends and family that actually wants to hear from you. So how do you send a year-in-review to your supporters that avoids the humblebrag cliches?

Read on for our tips on writing a year-in-review recap that your fans and friends (and family) will actually want to read…

Show, don’t tell

Instead of spelling out for your supporters each way their donation dollars kept the needle moving forward for your organization, make your recap dynamic and visual. You can even consider it a preview of what your annual report will look like in the new year. Email marketing, design, and testing tool Litmus played to its strengths with its year-end email in 2016. The result looks like an infographic for the company’s year in data with a link to its website for more highlights, including what their most popular email was for the year. Likewise, retail platform Big Cartel had some seasonal fun with its year-end email in 2015, turning their year of accomplishments into a board-game style timeline.

Big Cartel's 2015 Year-in-Review Email

Big Cartel’s 2015 Year-in-Review Email

Focus on their accomplishments, not yours

Don’t be like Taylor Swift. Flip the script from “ Look what you made me do ” to “Look what you did.” Chances are your organization’s successes in the past year were thanks to the support of countless donors and advocates. The ACLU recently marked the one-year anniversary of the 2016 U.S. presidential election with an email campaign that was all about making the political, personal: They used a first-name call-out in the subject line (“Olivia’s year of fighting back”). They also tailored the language of the body text to focus on supporters versus the organization itself: “You blocked the Muslim ban. You saved our health care. You’ve defended Dreamers and their families.” The campaign ended with a call for users to share their activism stories , bringing traffic back to the ACLU site. Regardless of your cause, now is the perfect time to say, “Thanks for giving.”

ACLU's Year-in-Review, one year after Election Day 2016

ACLU’s Year-in-Review, one year after Election Day 2016

Make them dig a little deeper

Creating an information gap between what you outline in your email and what you say on another platform (i.e., your website) will pique user interest and, as seen above with examples from both Litmus and the ACLU, give users a reason to revisit your site. As Campaign Monitor notes , this information gap has been proven to cognitively induce a feeling of deprivation, thereby motivating humans to act. So go ahead, make your supporters curious to know what’s in the box. But in order to tear off the wrapping paper, get them to take that one extra step.

Give them something to do

Don’t be afraid to ask for a little something extra in your recap: According to Network for Good’s research, 12% of annual giving occurs in the last 3 days of December . For users who have donated in the past year, ask them to consider a recurring donation as a New Year’s resolution. For users who have not donated in the past year (or ever), let them know that there is still time to make a difference before the clock strikes 12. You can even get creative in this department, either with a matching gift or asking users to help crowdfund for a promotion, as charity: water did on a 2015 campaign for the BioSand Filter — adding a little seasonal touch to get people further into the spirit.

a year paper

charity: water’s 2015 holiday campaign

Have a holly jolly headline

Don’t forget your subject line and preheader text! Consider how you’d like to frame the theme of your year in review and think of subject lines and preheaders as the wrapping and bows to go with it. Play with the suite of holiday- and winter-themed emojis, focus on the positive highlights of both the year that has passed and the year to come, and remind people that they can still make a difference in your cause sphere. For more on crafting a winning subject line , check out our guide.

Don’t just ChatGPT this…

The temptation to use chatgpt to just write this email is strong. Please don’t, AI is fine for first drafts but your audience is becoming savvy to emails and content written with lazy use of chatgpt. That said, if you want a little help from AI, here is a trusted, custom-built end-of-year AI writer from CauseWriter.ai.   

We’re making a list…

…and were making spirits bright. Sign up below to get more merry updates from Whole Whale. (Our friends at the North Pole cross-reference their list with ours.)

a year paper

End of Year Campaign Guide

Make sure your next giving season is better than the last with our guide to end-of-year fundraising.

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Paper Waste Facts

Paper comes from trees….

TheWorldCounts logo

The World Counts • Impact through Awareness

The world counts impact through awareness, paper accounts for around 26% of total waste at landfills.

Paper production causes deforestation, uses enormous amounts of energy and water, and contributes to air pollution and waste problems.

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Tons of paper produced

In the world, this year

Paper production - and waste - to double

From 2010 to 2060, the global consumption of pulp and paper is expected to double. The same will the amount of paper waste. An increased paper production will also add further to the pressure on the world’s forests that are already in a critical state - and constantly getting worse.

From 2001 to 2019, a total of 386 million hectares of forest were lost globally (in all forest types combined). This loss represents an almost 10 % decrease in tree cover since 2000.

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2,947,913.79

Hectares of forests cut down or burned

Globally, this year

In today’s electronic age, people are starting to consider going paperless. But there’s still a long way to go before we lose our dependence on this very important human product. 

From our newspapers to our paper wrappings, paper is still everywhere and most of them are ending up in our landfills creating a staggering amount of paper waste. There was a time when paper was a rare and precious commodity. Now it fills our planet. It was initially invented as a tool for communication, but today, paper is used more for packaging.

To produce paper takes twice the energy used to produce a plastic bag. Everything takes energy to produce. 

In the case of paper, it also involves cutting down trees. Deforestation is one of the main environmental problems we’re facing in these times. 42% of all global wood harvest is used to make paper. Is it really worth it to cut down our life saving trees for this product?

Let us share with you these interesting paper waste facts. We are so used to seeing products in their completed form that we seldom think of how they are made and what happens after we dispose of them.

Facts about Paper and Paper Waste

  • As we speak, more than 199 tons of paper has already been produced (paper production in 15 seconds).
  • 2,700 liters of water is used to make 1 tonne of paper (average for the European industry).
  • 1 sheet of paper requires 2 to 13 liters of water (depending on the mill).
  • 93% of paper comes from trees.
  • 50% of the waste of businesses is composed of paper.
  • Recycling 1 tonne of paper saves around 1400 liters of oil, 26,500 liters of water and 17 trees.
  • Packaging makes up one third or more of our trash.
  • U.S offices use 12.1 trillion sheets of paper a year.
  • Paper accounts for around 26% of landfill waste and 33% of municipal waste.
  • With all the paper we waste each year, we can build a 12 foot high wall of paper from New York to California!
  • Lessening of paper usage was predicted due to the electronic revolution. It didn’t happen. Demand for paper is expected to double before 2030.
  • Every tree produces enough oxygen for 3 people to breathe.

Toilet paper waste

The global consumption of toilet paper is roughly 22 billion kilometers (if laid out) or 42 million tons. All that paper is the same as 50,000 times the circumference of planet Earth. Or a round-trip every 10 minutes.

Environmental Effects of Paper Waste

Deforestation is the primary effect of our mindless use of paper. Conservation groups have made an admirable headway in protecting ecologically rich forests and limiting commercial access. This is great progress for mankind! Just imagine how long a tree will grow to its full size…. We are only just realizing the wasted use of our trees - trees that give off oxygen and protect the planet from further Global Warming.

Paper pollution is another effect of paper waste and it’s a serious problem. It is estimated that by 2020, paper mills will be producing 500,000,000 tons of paper and paperboard each year! We obviously need this product and a reduction of use is not in the horizon. Pulp and paper is the 3rd largest industrial polluter of air, water and soil. Chlorine-based bleaches are used during production which results in toxic materials being released into our water, air and soil. When paper rots, it emits methane gas which is 25 times more toxic than CO2.

Environmental consequences of toilet paper waste

Producing 42 million tons of toilet paper requires:

  • 712 million trees
  • 1,165 millions tons of water
  • 78 million tons of oil

10 Easy Ways to Reduce Paper Waste and Pollution

In North America, many paper companies are now modifying their processes to reduce the formation of dioxins. Dioxin is a toxic by-product of the manufacture of paper and it is a carcinogen. We are now seeking renewable sources of paper so we don’t have to cut down our beautiful life-giving trees.

What can you do from your end to reduce paper pollution and waste?

  • Recycle all your paper waste.
  • Be a conscious consumer and buy “100% post-consumer waste recycled”. Buy recycled paper materials or materials that came from sustainable managed forests.
  • In the office, reuse paper. If you’ve only used one side for example, collect them instead of throwing them away. You can bind these sheets and make a notebook using the other side. This small effort reduces paper waste by 50%
  • If you already have a scanned copy of a file, don’t print it anymore unless really needed.
  • Use email instead of paper when communicating with clients and customers.
  • Reduce the use of paper cups and disposable paper plates by keeping reusable items in the office pantry.
  • Encourage your officemates and friends to recycle their paper by putting them in recycling bins.
  • Insist on “Process Chlorine Free” paper materials.
  • Buy products with the least paper packaging. Encourage businesses that follow environment friendly practices.
  • Take advantage of the latest technologies like tablets, computers and smart phones to keep your files and notes.

As a consumer, the way you use and dispose of paper and other paper products greatly affect our paper waste. These small efforts on your part will be a valuable contribution in the resolution of our pollution problems today.

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1.8525988623

Number of planet Earths we need

- to sustain the growing human population

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75 y 326 d 12 h 44 m 07 s

Time left till the end of rainforests

If current trends continue

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The History of Paper

The fascinating history of paper, from its ancient origins to the modern-day process. 

Before paper as we know it existed, people communicated through pictures and symbols carved into tree bark, painted on cave walls, and marked on papyrus or clay tablets.

About 2,000 years ago, inventors in China took communication to the next level, crafting cloth sheets to record their drawings and writings. And paper, as we know it today, was born!

Paper was first made in Lei-Yang, China by Ts'ai Lun , a Chinese court official. In all likelihood, Ts'ai mixed mulberry bark, hemp and rags with water, mashed it into pulp, pressed out the liquid and hung the thin mat to dry in the sun.

During the 8th century , about 300 years after Ts’ai’s discovery, the secret traveled to the region that is now the Middle East. Yet, it took another 500 years for papermaking to enter Europe . One of the first paper mills was built in Spain , and soon, paper was being made at mills all across Europe.

Then, with paper easier to make, paper was used for printing important books, bibles, and legal documents.

England began making large supplies of paper in the late 15th century and supplied the colonies with paper for many years.

Finally, in 1690, the first U.S. paper mill was built in Pennsylvania .

At first American paper mills used the Chinese method of shredding old rags and clothes into individual fibers to make paper.

But, as the demand for paper grew, the mills changed to using fiber from trees because wood was less expensive and more abundant than cloth.

a year paper

Talking Sustainability With Young Innovators

Explore forest product industry innovations and research from the 2022-2023 U.S Blue Sky Young Researchers Innovation Award winners.  

The Paper Industry Today

Today, paper is made from trees grown in sustainably managed forests and from recycled paper.

Recycling has always been a part of papermaking.

When you recycle your used paper, paper mills will use it to make new notebook paper, paper grocery bags, cardboard boxes, envelopes, magazines, cartons, newspapers and other paper products.

Everything You Need to Know About Paper Recycling

Paper is one of the most widely recycled materials in the U.S. Nearly 50 million tons of paper was recovered for recycling in 2022. That amount could fill rail cars stretching from New York to Los Angeles nearly 3 times!

And, the paper recycling rate has met or exceeded 63% every year since 2009!

The paper industry uses recycled paper the make the essential products millions of people rely on every day. In fact, about 80% of U.S. paper mills use some recycled paper to make new and innovative products.

Dive deeper into how the paper industry is improving paper recycling.

Cardboard bales going up a conveyor belt. The text reads explore paper industry recycling innovations.

Dive Into Recycling Innovations

Learn more about AF&PA member projects aimed at improving recycling technology and using more recycled fiber.

Recycling bins at the curb in a neighborhood. The text says dive deeper into paper recycling.

Paper Recycling Facts

Learn more about the paper and cardboard recycling rates, where recycled paper goes and more resources. 

Paper going into a recycling bin. The text says, "dive into recycling Q&As."

Learn How to Recycle Paper 

Want to know how to recycle address window envelopes or paper-padded mailers? We've got you covered. 

Get to Know the People Behind Our Industry

The forest products industry is a major national employer. While employing about 925,000 in the industry, more than 2 million indirect jobs are supported.

Hear more from the people driving innovation and helping shape future generations of industry leaders.

Hong Wilcoxon is wearing glasses and a polo. She's standing outside in front of plants.

Hong Wilcoxon

Dive into what Wilcoxon does as a quality manager at Domtar's Engineered Absorbent Materials facility in Jesup, Georgia.

Lisa Berghaus smiling

Lisa Berghaus

Explore the paper-based packaging design process with Lisa Berghaus of Monadnock Paper Mills. 

Photo of Jenny Tang inspecting a roll of toilet paper.

Learn how Jenny Tang of Essity uses her STEM background to advance the industry.

Tony Diaz stands in front of a log pile

Learn why Tony Diaz of Graphic Packaging International thinks sustainable forestry takes constant vigilance from everyone involved.

Photo of Tony Murphy working at paper mill

Tony Murphy

Find out what gets Tony Murphy of International Paper excited about the industry's future.

Headshot of Rafael Garcia

Rafael Garcia

Explore why Rafael Garcia of Georgia-Pacific believes environmental stewardship requires creating more value while using fewer resources.

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  • 12 September 2018

Thousands of scientists publish a paper every five days

  • John P. A. Ioannidis 0 ,
  • Richard Klavans 1 &
  • Kevin W. Boyack 2

John P. A. Ioannidis is a professor of medicine at the Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford (METRICS), Stanford University, California.

You can also search for this author in PubMed   Google Scholar

Richard Klavans is a researcher at SciTech Strategies in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and New Mexico.

Kevin W. Boyack is a researcher at SciTech Strategies in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and New Mexico.

Illustration by David Parkins

Authorship is the coin of scholarship — and some researchers are minting a lot. We searched Scopus for authors who had published more than 72 papers (the equivalent of one paper every 5 days) in any one calendar year between 2000 and 2016, a figure that many would consider implausibly prolific 1 . We found more than 9,000 individuals, and made every effort to count only ‘full papers’ — articles, conference papers, substantive comments and reviews — not editorials, letters to the editor and the like. We hoped that this could be a useful exercise in understanding what scientific authorship means.

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Nature 561 , 167-169 (2018)

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Quan, W., Chen, B. & Shu, F. Preprint at https://arxiv.org/abs/1707.01162 (2017).

Hvistendahl, M. Science 342 , 1035–1039 (2013).

Nature 483 , 246 (2012).

Abritis, A., McCook, A. & Retraction Watch. Science 357 , 541 (2017).

Patience, G. S., Galli, F., Patience, P. A. & Boffito, D. C. Preprint at https://doi.org/10.1101/323519 (2018).

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IR-2024-45, Feb. 21, 2024

WASHINGTON — During the busiest time of the tax filing season, the Internal Revenue Service kicked off its 2024 Tax Time Guide series to help remind taxpayers of key items they’ll need to file a 2023 tax return.

As part of its four-part, weekly Tax Time Guide series, the IRS continues to provide new and updated resources to help taxpayers file an accurate tax return. Taxpayers can count on IRS.gov for updated resources and tools along with a special free help page available around the clock. Taxpayers are also encouraged to read Publication 17, Your Federal Income Tax (For Individuals) for additional guidance.

Essentials to filing an accurate tax return

The deadline this tax season for filing Form 1040, U.S. Individual Income Tax Return , or 1040-SR, U.S. Tax Return for Seniors , is April 15, 2024. However, those who live in Maine or Massachusetts will have until April 17, 2024, to file due to official holidays observed in those states.

Taxpayers are advised to wait until they receive all their proper tax documents before filing their tax returns. Filing without all the necessary documents could lead to mistakes and potential delays.

It’s important for taxpayers to carefully review their documents for any inaccuracies or missing information. If any issues are found, taxpayers should contact the payer immediately to request a correction or confirm that the payer has their current mailing or email address on file.

Creating an IRS Online Account can provide taxpayers with secure access to information about their federal tax account, including payment history, tax records and other important information.

Having organized tax records can make the process of preparing a complete and accurate tax return easier and may also help taxpayers identify any overlooked deductions or credits .

Taxpayers who have an Individual Taxpayer Identification Number or ITIN may need to renew it if it has expired and is required for a U.S. federal tax return. If an expiring or expired ITIN is not renewed, the IRS can still accept the tax return, but it may result in processing delays or delays in credits owed.

Changes to credits and deductions for tax year 2023

Standard deduction amount increased. For 2023, the standard deduction amount has been increased for all filers. The amounts are:

  • Single or married filing separately — $13,850.
  • Head of household — $20,800.
  • Married filing jointly or qualifying surviving spouse — $27,700.

Additional child tax credit amount increased. The maximum additional child tax credit amount has increased to $1,600 for each qualifying child.

Child tax credit enhancements. Many changes to the Child tax credit (CTC) that had been implemented by the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 have expired.

However, the IRS continues to closely monitor legislation being considered by Congress affecting the Child Tax Credit. The IRS reminds taxpayers eligible for the Child Tax Credit that they should not wait to file their 2023 tax return this filing season. If Congress changes the CTC guidelines, the IRS will automatically make adjustments for those who have already filed so no additional action will be needed by those eligible taxpayers.

Under current law, for tax year 2023, the following currently apply:

  • The enhanced credit allowed for qualifying children under age 6 and children under age 18 has expired. For 2023, the initial amount of the CTC is $2,000 for each qualifying child. The credit amount begins to phase out where AGI income exceeds $200,000 ($400,000 in the case of a joint return). The amount of the CTC that can be claimed as a refundable credit is limited as it was in 2020 except that the maximum ACTC amount for each qualifying child increased to $1,500.
  • The increased age allowance for a qualifying child has expired. A child must be under age 17 at the end of 2023 to be a qualifying child.

Changes to the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC). The enhancements for taxpayers without a qualifying child implemented by the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 will not apply for tax year 2023. To claim the EITC without a qualifying child in 2023, taxpayers must be at least age 25 but under age 65 at the end of 2023. If a taxpayer is married filing a joint return, one spouse must be at least age 25 but under age 65 at the end of 2023.

Taxpayers may find more information on Child tax credits in the Instructions for Schedule 8812 (Form 1040) .

New Clean Vehicle Credit. The credit for new qualified plug-in electric drive motor vehicles has changed. This credit is now known as the Clean Vehicle Credit. The maximum amount of the credit and some of the requirements to claim the credit have changed. The credit is reported on Form 8936, Qualified Plug-In Electric Drive Motor Vehicle Credit , and on Form 1040, Schedule 3.

More information on these and other credit and deduction changes for tax year 2023 may be found in the Publication 17, Your Federal Income Tax (For Individuals) , taxpayer guide.

1099-K reporting requirements have not changed for tax year 2023

Following feedback from taxpayers, tax professionals and payment processors, and to reduce taxpayer confusion, the IRS recently released Notice 2023-74 announcing a delay of the new $600 reporting threshold for tax year 2023 on Form 1099-K, Payment Card and Third-Party Network Transactions . The previous reporting thresholds will remain in place for 2023.

The IRS has published a fact sheet with further information to assist taxpayers concerning changes to 1099-K reporting requirements for tax year 2023.

Form 1099-K reporting requirements

Taxpayers who take direct payment by credit, debit or gift cards for selling goods or providing services by customers or clients should get a Form 1099-K from their payment processor or payment settlement entity no matter how many payments they got or how much they were for.

If they used a payment app or online marketplace and received over $20,000 from over 200 transactions,

the payment app or online marketplace is required to send a Form 1099-K. However, they can send a Form 1099-K with lower amounts. Whether or not the taxpayer receives a Form 1099-K, they must still report any income on their tax return.

What’s taxable? It’s the profit from these activities that’s taxable income. The Form 1099-K shows the gross or total amount of payments received. Taxpayers can use it and other records to figure out the actual taxes they owe on any profits. Remember that all income, no matter the amount, is taxable unless the tax law says it isn’t – even if taxpayers don’t get a Form 1099-K.

What’s not taxable? Taxpayers shouldn’t receive a Form 1099-K for personal payments, including money received as a gift and for repayment of shared expenses. That money isn’t taxable. To prevent getting an inaccurate Form 1099-K, note those payments as “personal,” if possible.

Good recordkeeping is key. Be sure to keep good records because it helps when it’s time to file a tax return. It’s a good idea to keep business and personal transactions separate to make it easier to figure out what a taxpayer owes.

For details on what to do if a taxpayer gets a Form 1099-K in error or the information on their form is incorrect, visit IRS.gov/1099k  or find frequently asked questions at Form 1099-K FAQs .

Direct File pilot program provides a new option this year for some

The IRS launched the Direct File pilot program during the 2024 tax season. The pilot will give eligible taxpayers an option to prepare and electronically file their 2023 tax returns, for free, directly with the IRS.

The Direct File pilot program will be offered to eligible taxpayers in 12 pilot states who have relatively simple tax returns reporting only certain types of income and claiming limited credits and deductions. The 12 states currently participating in the Direct File pilot program are Arizona, California, Florida, Massachusetts, Nevada, New Hampshire, New York, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Washington state and Wyoming. Taxpayers can check their eligibility at directfile.irs.gov .

The Direct File pilot is currently in the internal testing phase and will be more widely available in mid-March. Taxpayers can get the latest news about the pilot at Direct File pilot news and sign up to be notified when Direct File is open to new users.

Finally, for comprehensive information on all these and other changes for tax year 2023, taxpayers and tax professionals are encouraged to read the Publication 17, Your Federal Income Tax (For Individuals) , taxpayer guide, as well as visit other topics of taxpayer interest on IRS.gov.

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How to write a white paper that inspires a year-long content strategy

Written by by Katherine Kim

Published on  November 11, 2020

Reading time  7 minutes

When it comes to establishing one’s brand as an authority, few resources get the job done like a data-driven white paper.

Longer than your typical blog post and more in-depth than an ebook, a white paper is a well-researched piece of content designed to educate readers on a specific topic. It allows you to position your brand as an expert in your field and demonstrate you have a solution to your audience’s problems. And because marketers often gate white papers behind an email form, these reports can help support goals like lead generation and sales.

But with a little foresight, a white paper can do more than capture leads. It can also fuel an entire year’s worth of content and support teams across sales, customer success and even design. From developing social media content to webinars to workshops, there are a number of ways you can extend the life of your white paper.

In this article, we’ll walk you through how to write a white paper as well as how to turn those data and insights into new content for the entire year.

What makes a white paper valuable?

Traditionally, a white paper is defined as an informational document to promote a product or service and is used by marketing and sales to persuade buyers to purchase from one brand over another. In marketing, a white paper can be used to provide in-depth research on a particular subject (like the state of social marketing) and gives brands an opportunity to build credibility with their audience.

Consider this data-driven white paper example: the Sprout Social Index™ . The Index™ is our annual 30+ page white paper filled with unique data based on consumer and marketer surveys. We look specifically at the state of social marketing, and offer insights on topics like consumer behaviors, marketers’ social goals and what differentiates one brand’s social presence from a competitor.

This is our ninth year of #trend forecasting with the Sprout Social Index: Social Media Trends for 2022 and Beyond We surveyed over 1,000 U.S. consumers and 500 U.S. social marketers to understand how social has transformed. 🧵 pic.twitter.com/6XgNkv64ps — Sprout Social (@SproutSocial) May 17, 2022

It takes roughly three months and collaboration across marketing, design and sales for the Index™ to come to life. On the other hand, this blog post you’re reading took me about one week to complete. To illustrate how to plan and develop a white paper with legs beyond its initial launch, we’ll share how we create the Index™ and the various assets that come from our annual report.

Phase 1. Planning for success

Before diving into topic ideation, establish the goals and objectives you want to achieve with your white paper. Goals can include everything from raising brand awareness in your target audience to fueling new business acquisition by generating leads. And determine which key performance indicators (KPIs) you’ll use to track your progress toward your goals, like net new users and content downloads. From there, develop a project plan with clear expectations around responsibilities and due dates, like when to expect a first draft or design assets for social promotion.

Once your goals and project plan are in place, then you can focus on narrowing your white paper to one specific topic. When in doubt, start by identifying your audience and brainstorming the different problems you can help them solve.

For the Sprout Social Index™, we look at a couple of factors to inform our direction:

  • Our audience’s needs. Think about who is going to read your white paper and what problems they’re hoping to solve with the information provided. For the Index™, we know we’re speaking to social media marketers of all industries and experience levels, from solo practitioners to directors managing a team. So the data we offer needs to help our audience advance their careers, strengthen their strategies and sharpen their skill sets. We’ll consider things like top goals and challenges for social marketers, how social is viewed within an organization and what skills marketers hope to develop.
  • The state of the industry. In addition to specific audience needs, we also look at what’s happening within the industry at large. Are there emerging trends our audience wants to understand? How are other brands responding to industry changes and what can readers learn from these examples? To ensure the Index™ is relevant for social marketers of all industries, we’ll look at big trends in the overall social marketing landscape like which platforms are most popular among consumers and what types of content generate the most engagement.

If you plan to use your white paper to inspire a year’s worth of content, take a moment to evaluate if the topic will be relevant a year from now. Timely data, while it can be extremely valuable as part of your content strategy, gives you less runway to develop content six, seven or eight months post launch. Additionally, you’ll need to have enough data to work with in the future. Keeping the topic broad enough will enable you to drill down into specific angles for future content.

Phase 2. Writing a white paper from start to finish

With a plan in place, it’s time to conduct your research, develop your white paper structure and deploy any surveys for data collection.

With the Index™, we use a platform like SurveyMonkey to conduct two different surveys: one for 1,000 consumers and one for 1,000 social marketers. We ask consumers questions like which social platforms they use the most and what actions can turn them off to a brand’s social presence. In the marketer survey, we ask them how they use social data, what their greatest challenges are and what factors influence their approach to social.

If you’re unsure how to analyze the data , try creating a separate Google Doc or spreadsheet to house your key findings, organized by question number. When reviewing the Index™ data, we look at things like:

  • Responses to all questions without any filtering or comparisons
  • Results when we narrow our focus to one particular subgroup (e.g. marketers at companies with only 1-50 employees)
  • Responses that contradict our original hypothesis
  • Contrasts between the two audiences (e.g. marketers versus consumers)

What makes a brand best in class on social: what marketers think vs what consumers think

Remember: you won’t use every single data point in your actual report. Instead of tossing unused data to the side, consider using that information as inspiration for a future piece of content.

With your data in hand, it’s time to put pen to paper. Writing a white paper can take several days, or even weeks, and it’s helpful to start with a comprehensive outline to plan out the report flow. In the outline for the Index™, we include examples of the quantitative data to highlight and brand examples discovered during the research stage. Allocate about one week for outlining and drafting, which should include chart mockups of the data you plan to use.

For reviews, ask for feedback from your key stakeholders, including those who don’t work in content directly. Index™ feedback from our social team ensures we’re giving our target audience what they need while our PR team can recommend future storylines inspired by the report.

Phase 3. Bringing the data to life with creative

Another facet that distinguishes a white paper from a blog post is that white papers are often packaged as a designed PDF.

In addition to creating the PDF version of the Index™, our design team creates graphic assets and charts for use in content, on social and beyond. One of the reasons we ask our social team to review the final draft of the Index™ is to get feedback on which stats and insights will make for compelling graphics on social.

For example, one of the charts included in the Index™ talks about actions consumers take when they follow a brand on social..

Actions consumers take when they follow brands on social

Using the feedback from social, we identified one standout data point from this graph, and the design team turned it into a separate social graphic.

Fact: Fewer people are using hashtags for social discovery. Find out where consumers are turning their attention instead in this year's Sprout Social Index. https://t.co/YuWeXmiWBk pic.twitter.com/rcdzFDJNpx — Sprout Social (@SproutSocial) May 18, 2020

Developing a unique design system and color palette for each white paper creates a consistent visual identity so every asset looks like it belongs to the Index™ campaign. This also gives designers the flexibility to create new assets like GIFs throughout the entire year because they have a wide range of colors and motifs to pull from.

With your report ready to launch, remember you still need to track your progress toward your goals. Tracking not only shows you if you’ve achieved your goals but also if you need to adjust your distribution strategy to make up for lost ground.

Phase 4. Giving your white paper longevity

So you’ve officially published the final white paper PDF and all of your design assets—congratulations! But just because you hit that publish button doesn’t mean the work behind the scenes suddenly stops.

To kick off the Index™, we published a teaser post for  an executive audience . The article preview some of the salient data points and highlight how the report will address marketers’ challenges, ultimately encouraging readers to download the Index™.

50% of consumers say they’re most likely to use social media during a major personal milestone. Create messages that consider your audience’s future plans and show how your brand can help them get there. https://t.co/ov3g4vd8fg — Sprout Social (@SproutSocial) May 5, 2020

To keep that momentum going, our social and creative teams collaborated to create the #DataDance, a series of short dance moves inspired by findings from the Index™. We encouraged our followers to both learn and share their own #DataDance with us on social.

How to #DataDance : a thread👇 pic.twitter.com/CfwlOJKDXR — Sprout Social (@SproutSocial) May 4, 2020

We also created new content like webinars and articles with industry-specific benchmarks months after the publish date. We also repackaged the Index™ as part of a larger toolkit for marketers as they begin planning for 2021. Finally, we included data from the report in our Data in Action workshop for social marketers, five months after the Index™ launched.

Takeaway #1: Tell people about your product! #SproutDataInAction pic.twitter.com/BUWe7XhBf5 — Sprout Social (@SproutSocial) October 15, 2020

When you can repurpose the data and insights from your white paper, you stand to reach new audiences, reinforce your original argument and demonstrate your expertise in a particular topic.

Breathe new life into your white paper

White papers are not only a great resource for brands to establish their expertise and build authority with their audience, they also can inspire entirely new pieces of content post launch. By repurposing your report and turning it into new content, you can extend the longevity of your data and ensure your white paper continues to drive traffic for the entire year.

Looking for more inspiration for your content strategy? Check out what marketers and consumers say makes a brand’s social best in class and other content insights in the Sprout Social Index™ today.

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Citations: when to include the year, when to include the year.

In APA, writers include the date with any parenthetical reference to a source. Additionally, they should include the date after the first reference in a paragraph when the author is referred to as part of the sentence.  Then, writers repeat the date again if referred to in parentheses; however, writers do not need to repeat the date when the author is cited again in that paragraph:

Patterson (2009) found citing is fun. It could also be said that "citing is sometimes perplexing" (Patterson, 2009, p. 23). Patterson concluded that APA gets easier the more you use it. Patterson also argued that students secretly enjoy APA style rules.

Once a new paragraph begins, however, this rule starts over. For help knowing how and when to cite in a paragraph, check out our tips on how to cite .

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Webb telescope may have solved lingering mystery of 1987 supernova

a year paper

It was a young, hot, bright blue star, what they call a blue supergiant, twinkling in the dwarf galaxy known as the Large Magellanic Cloud. But there are many such stars, and there was nothing terribly unusual about it. No reason to give it a second look.

Until it blew.

Supernova 1987A was the brightest exploding star seen in the past 400 years. It was literally a blast from the past: The light from the supernova “blazed with the power of 100 million suns,” as NASA put it , and traveled for 160,000 years before reaching Earth and thrilling astronomers on Feb. 23, 1987. The new “star” in the night sky could be seen with the naked eye for months before fading.

In the decades since, scientists have wondered what, exactly, was left behind in that violent explosion. Theorists advanced two possibilities: a black hole or an ultradense object known as a neutron star.

A new paper published Thursday in the journal Science, based on observations by the James Webb Space Telescope, claims to have resolved the debate, saying there are compelling signs of a neutron star hiding in the explosion’s debris field.

Neutron stars have been identified before, but, if the latest report holds up to further scrutiny, this is by far the youngest, freshest such object even seen. It is still cooling down. For astrophysicists, it’s like being present at the creation of something rare and exotic.

“Neutron stars are common, but we haven’t seen any one being born from a star,” said Claes Fransson, an astronomer at Stockholm University and lead author of the new report.

Fransson remembers the day he heard about Supernova 1987A, initially assuming it was a joke. It turned out to be not only real, but also relatively close and readily observable. Fransson later recalled in an email how he saw it with his own eyes, standing atop Mount Kinabalu in Borneo, high above the rainforest: “It is a different feeling to see the [supernova] live, compared to just seeing images of it!”

Supernova 1987A quickly became the most studied event of its kind, and the repercussions spread beyond just the inquiry into exploding stars. Scientists view this explosion as a natural laboratory for high-energy physics, dense with information about the laws of nature in extreme environments.

No terrestrial laboratory could sustain the kind of temperatures and pressures created by a supernova, said Hans-Thomas Janka, a physicist at the Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics in Germany who was not part of this new research.

That’s why evidence of a neutron star in Supernova 1987 is “super-important for nuclear physics and particle physics,” Janka said.

The top suspect

Astronomers have documented supernovae for nearly a thousand years. The Crab nebula is the remnant of a supernova recorded by Chinese astronomers in 1054. Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe observed a supernova in 1572, and German astronomer Johannes Kepler documented one in 1604 that was so bright it could be seen in daytime.

But the supernova of 1987 was unique, an instant superstar in the field of modern astronomy. “Kepler’s Star” had come out of the cosmic nowhere, but Supernova 1987 happened to a star that had already appeared in a catalogue of stars (listed as “Sanduleak−69 202”).

This supernova gave the science community an unprecedented view of what happens before, during and after a giant star’s violent death.

Even back then, astronomers suspected that Supernova 1987A left behind a neutron star, an object made of the densest matter in the universe. You would not want to put neutron star-stuff into your bread dough because half a cup of it would weigh as much as Mount Everest.

The violent death of the blue supergiant star created a burst of neutrinos that reached Earth in advance of the visible signs of an explosion. Three neutrino detectors registered the burst for several seconds. This observation fit with theoretical models suggesting the supernova resulted from the collapse of the core of a giant star.

Neutrinos are subatomic particles emitted as a neutron star forms. Gravity is the driver of the process, compressing matter into an ultradense core that can’t compress further. As matter continues to fall toward the center of the star, the temperature and pressure keep rising until conditions get so extreme they send a shock wave outward. The compressed center remains intact, but the rest of the star explodes, creating a vast debris field.

Scientists have long thought that the mass of the original star influences what’s left after all this violence. Very large star: black hole. Smaller star: neutron star. But theorists are still debating this, Janka said, and size is not the only thing that matters.

In the case of the blue supergiant, astrophysicists estimate that it was roughly 15 to 20 times the mass of our sun, and, according to their rule of thumb, that’s a bit undersized for the creation of a black hole. Thus a neutron star has always been the favored candidate for a remnant.

The new report leveraged two instruments on the Webb telescope that can characterize different wavelengths of infrared light coming from the debris field. The neutron star emits much of its radiation in the X-ray portion of the spectrum. The authors of the report say that the excitation of elements in the debris field, including argon and sulfur, can only be explained by X-ray and ultraviolet radiation from a neutron star.

Born with a kick

Even this report, though, does not claim a direct detection of the hypothesized neutron star. The existence of the object has only been inferred. If it’s there, it’s hidden in the debris field.

Still, the report is a major advance in understanding the supernova, said Stanford Woosley, an astrophysicist at the University of California at Santa Cruz who was not part of the research team.

Woosley said he was stuck by one finding in the new paper: The source of the X-ray emissions (the neutron star, presumably) is not precisely in the center of the debris field. It’s offset. That suggests that the explosion was not perfectly spherical but had enough asymmetry to give the neutron star a “kick,” sending it careening through space at hundreds of kilometers per second.

“This would be the first time we have actually seen the neutron star born with a kick,” he said, quickly adding that we’ve never actually seen a neutron star born under any circumstances.

He said the new data is compelling, if not quite 100 percent conclusive of the presence of a neutron star. He said the evidence has reached a tipping point, and “astronomers are ready to declare a victory.”

But the case is not yet closed, he said: “It’s going to be hard to declare a decisive observation of the neutron star when you can’t just go there and see it.”

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Journaling a Year in Nature

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Journaling a Year in Nature

Journaling a Year in Nature

A beautiful and sturdy nature journal with gentle prompts to give you ideas of what to look for in nature study throughout each of the four seasons. Inspiring quotes, helpful nature tips, and heavy paper with plenty of room for drawing, painting, and writing about your nature finds. A lovely weekly guide to hours in the out-of-doors! (Grades 1–12) See full description

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  • Reviews (20)

Product Description

A nature-diary is a source of delight!

If you find yourself wanting to love nature study but not quite sure how to go about it, Journaling a Year in Nature is for you. This guided nature journal will take you by the hand and walk you through the seasons of the year, giving you gentle prompts and timely encouragement every week.

Inside Journaling a Year in Nature , you will find

  • Simple seasonal prompts to give you ideas of what you might look for in nature around you. Thirteen prompts for each of the four seasons of the year (one per week). Complete the prompts in any order within each season.
  • Inspiring quotes to spark a naturalist’s enthusiasm in your own heart.
  • Helpful tips to encourage you to feel at home in nature.
  • Lovely, heavy paper for drawing or painting and plenty of room to record your observations.
  • A durable laminated cover that can stand up to weekly treks in the out-of-doors.
  • A spiral binding so your notebook will conveniently lay flat as you record your nature finds.

Order one for each child and one for yourself. Make it a habit to complete this beautiful journal every year, and you may discover that nature is not the only thing that grows!

20 reviews for Journaling a Year in Nature

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Angie – April 15, 2015

Not a review, but a question if I may. If I buy the ebook version of this title, what kind of paper should I print it on? What type of “heavy paper” is the printed book printed on, and are all the pages printed on that paper, or just the ones for journaling on? Thanks for making this available! 🙂

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Sonya Shafer – April 16, 2015

Good question, Angie. One of the big advantages of this journal is the nice heavy paper it is printed on. Every page is printed on durable #67 vellum Bristol paper. (Those are the official specs from our printer and detail the weight, texture, and finish of the paper. It’s a bit of a foreign language!) In everyday terms, you might compare the paper to a reply card inside a magazine; not as thick as a business card, but similar to five sheets of regular paper in thickness.

I would recommend you print the whole book on the heavy paper. Only two sheets are not intended for journaling: the title page/How to Use sheet in the front and the field guide recommendations/copyright in the back.

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Lara – April 24, 2015

Looks great! Question: What are the dimensions of the book? Wondering if it will fit into the bags my kids take outside on their nature studies. Thank you!

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Jordan Smith – April 24, 2015

The book is about 9.25 inches wide by 11 inches tall.

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Heather – May 28, 2015

Does this journal provide ideas of nature study activities as well as the pages for recording observations?

Jordan Smith – May 28, 2015

Yes, there are weekly nature study prompts that you can use in any order you like.

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Ann-Marie – June 30, 2015

This looks lovely! I have a question too. I am guessing that it is divided by season and has a section in each season for each thing observed (tree, sun, moon, insects, etc)?

Jordan Smith – June 30, 2015

Yes, the journal is divided into four seasons, and prompts you or the child to observe the same things each season so you can see how they change.

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tedjulie1 – August 19, 2015

I’m wondering if this journal will hold up well getting tossed in a backpack. The description says it’s sturdy. But does that mean it’s a hardcover?

Sonya Shafer – August 20, 2015

The cover is laminated cardstock. We’ve tried to tear it but haven’t been able to so far.

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Kerry – August 26, 2015

Hello! I’m interested in purchasing “Jack’s Insects” and the companion book “Jack’s Insects Narration & Nature Study Book” for my (first time homeschooling) 5th-grade son. I also had “Journaling a Year in Nature” on my shopping list as well. But as I’m reading through the descriptions of each I’m wondering if this would be redundant? Or would they complement each other? Thanks in advance for your guidance!

Sonya Shafer – August 27, 2015

Good question, Kerry. As you probably noticed, the Jack’s Insects Narration & Nature Study Book has much more than just the nature study pages; it contains narration questions, a geographical component, and extra recommended reading and websites to learn more about each insect that Jack meets throughout the chapters. If we compare just the nature study components, Jack’s has pages in the back for drawing and recording bugs, insects, and spiders, as well as a master list to record those you have seen. Journaling a Year in Nature has pages for a wider variety of nature; e.g., plants, animals, weather, stars, etc.

A few ways to approach this come to mind:

You could focus only on bugs, insects, and spiders for your nature study all year, using the Jack’s Insects books. Then expand your focus next year with Journaling a Year in Nature .

You could get both and do nature study twice a week—one day focused on insects using the Jack’s notebook, the other day using the nature study prompt in Journaling .

You could get both and make Journaling your primary nature study prompter. On the weeks that it prompts you to look at insects, you could record your findings in the Jack’s notebook in more detail. Of course, as you see insects incidentally throughout the weeks, you could add those to your Jack’s notebook without waiting for the specified prompted week too.

I hope these ideas help some with your decision. Whichever option you choose, I hope you and your son enjoy Jack’s and enjoy nature!

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Valerie – January 13, 2016

Hi, I was wondering how useable this journal would be in a different climate? We live in a place where we enjoy hot season, rainy season, and cool season rather than the seasons experienced in North America. Would this journal still be useful? Thank you!

Jordan Smith – January 13, 2016

Journaling a Year in Nature intentionally doesn’t require a certain climate for its prompts to work. No matter what your weather or climate is like, you will be observing what happens during different times of year in your area as you follow the prompts.

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sophie – February 3, 2016

Hi, I was just wondering how many pages are in this book?

Jordan Smith – February 3, 2016

The book has 116 pages.

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Sarah – October 12, 2017

Hi, I’m interested in this journal, however, I have a hard time buying something when I can’t see inside and get some examples! Would you be able to pick out a few of these “prompts” and share them so I have a better idea of what to expect? Thanks!

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Doug Smith – October 12, 2017

There’s a free sample you can download to get a feel for the content.

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Sarah – April 18, 2018

My children have loved this book, very good quality and makes nature study happen more in our family!

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Chasah Copenhaver – May 18, 2020

I have a question: Do you feel that this Nature Journal is appropriate for a special needs child? My son will be turning 7, and he’s on the Autism spectrum. He LOVES the outdoors and we take lots of walks outside, exploring and collecting pieces of nature. I’m just curious if I may need to wait until he’s just a little older before introducing him to this Nature Journal?

Sonya Shafer – May 18, 2020

I’m so glad your son loves nature! My autistic daughter does too. You probably don’t need to get him a copy of this nature journal right now, especially if his reading isn’t well established yet. But you might want to get a copy for yourself, so you can gain ideas of nature friends and details that you could point out the next time you’re outdoors exploring with him. You could draw or write your observations in your copy to model what he will eventually be doing.

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Charity – June 21, 2020

For what ages/levels would you recommend this book? Thanks!

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Tamara Bell – June 22, 2020

Hi Charity,

We recommend Journaling a Year in Nature for students in grades 1-12.

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Emily – July 26, 2020

I love this journal and am buying it again this year. Last year I also bought one for myself I loved it so much. The paper is a perfect heavy thickness and the journal is very durable. It has prompts by season. It is a wonderful product.

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Kristen Christy – March 10, 2021

We live in the West and don’t have all the same mushrooms, bushes, creeks, etc. you’d find in the East or Midwest, and on the other hand, we have different things we’d like to explore – like animal tracks, cactus, arroyos and other landforms. Does this journal include plenty of blank pages throughout for original entries (aside from the pages for pictures, watercolors, etc. that follow the main entries)? Thank you.

Tamara Bell – March 11, 2021

Hi Kristen! Journaling a Year in Nature is able to be used just about anywhere. We do not include information or entries for specific plants, animals, trees, etc. Instead, the entries are broad. We also include pages that direct families to go out at a “Different Time of Day” (followed by 2 pages for drawing/adding to the journal), “Different Location”, “Moon & Stars”, etc.

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Angela – August 5, 2021

Hi , can you tell me if printing these on card stock would be as thick as what is used in the printed book and are the pages in the printed book textured in any way. Thanks so much. Lovely book.

Jordan Smith – August 7, 2021

Hi Angela! Journaling a Year in Nature is printed on 67# Vellum Bristol paper. That paper is not quite as heavy as a typical 80# card stock. The paper also has a texture on it for watercolor painting.

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HeidiZ – August 23, 2022

This is such a lovely journal and the paper is sturdy enough to even do watercolor if you wish. I bought one for each of my 2 kids and I’m thinking I need one now for myself as well! I love everything I have purchased (even the freebies!) from Sonya and the SCM site. Thank you for everything you do!!

Heidi – February 4, 2023

We love this book so much I decided to get a 3rd one for myself so I can journal along with the children. I was especially excited to start watercolor entries into the journal as well. The pages are so nice and sturdy! Thank you for another well-planned high-quality product! I am so in love with SCM products that I am replacing AO scheduled reads with SCM

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Rozelyn – April 24, 2023

I purchased the e-book and I printed on 28 lb paper and it was great for water colour, pastels and colored pencils. I would have bought the hard copy but the cost of shipping to Canada doesn’t make it practical.

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Tara – August 16, 2023

This looks awesome! Question – are there blank pages not associated with a specific prompt that can be used if we want to nature journal something unrelated?

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valerierohde – August 25, 2023

The pages shown in this sample on pages 3, 4, 6, and 8 give an idea of how the book gives prompts and the nature topics observed during that season. Another section that has a bit more prompting that is not shown in the sample is with the weather section that prompts studying and recording the weather conditions for a week and it gives specifics to record such as the temperature, precipitation, direction of the wind, whether it is sunny or cloudy, and to compare these findings with other seasons you have recorded the weather. With this prompt there are small sections for each day to write the recordings for that week.

The prompts throughout the journal are a few sentences long for each topic so you and your children can explore and use the heavier weight paper for drawing, watercolor, or sketching your observations. Some children need just a bit of prompting to get them thinking and going versus a completely blank notebook so our goal with this resource is to still provide plenty of open space for creativity and thoughtful observation while giving some guidance to get started.

Here is a bit more about how this journal gently guides and offers a nature expert’s inquisitive eye to help you also ask similar questions about the world around you: https://simplycharlottemason.com/blog/journaling-a-year-in-nature-a-new-nature-notebook-2/

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lng – February 11, 2024

This journal has exceeded my expectations. This is more than just a nature journal. The prompts throughout each season are simple, yet very thought provoking. The depth of the prompts encourage a deep sense of observation and thoroughness. This is a wonderful tool for learning how to study. I cannot wait to get the whole family started with their journals. There is plenty of space to draw and take notes. I purchased the ebook version with the idea that we will create our own covers by collecting and pressing items from nature and laminating them on cardstock. However, the spiral bind on the printed book does look appealing.

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Annietins – February 12, 2024

Thank you for taking time to review the e-book version! The spiral binding on the printed edition is for ease-of-use and practicality. It makes it very easy to lay the journal flat or to fold back the pages so that they are out of the way when adding notes to your journal.

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Wastes - Resource Conservation - Common Wastes & Materials - Paper Recycling

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You use paper and paperboard products every day, from newspapers to food packaging to office paper. In fact, paper and paperboard products make up the largest portion of the municipal solid waste stream in the United States and as a result, offer the greatest opportunity to recycle. Learn more facts and figures and other details about paper recycling in the answers to frequent questions below. You might also want to learn about the basics of paper recycling .

Paper Recycling Facts and Figures

How much paper and paperboard is recycled every year, how much paper do we use in the united states each year, what can recovered paper be used for, does all that recovered paper stay in the us, where do the papermaking materials come from, other frequent questions about paper recycling, how is paper recycled, which states have the best access to recycling programs, can a piece of paper be recycled indefinitely.

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  • Paper accounts for about half of all recyclables collected in the US, by weight. About forty-three million tons of paper and paperboard were recovered in 2013—a recycling rate of about 63 percent. ( 1 )
  • About 67 percent of newspapers/mechanical papers and 89 percent of corrugated cardboard were recovered in 2013. Starting in 2013, newsprint and groundwood inserts expanded to include directories and other mechanical papers. ( 1 )
  • In 2013, the amount of paper recovered for recycling averaged 275 pounds for each person living in the US. ( 1 )
  • About 69 million tons of paper and paperboard. ( 1 )
  • Each year, more than 2 billion books, 350 million magazines, and 24 billion newspapers are published. ( 3 )

About 37 percent of the fiber used to make new paper products in the US came from recycled sources in 2011. ( 2 )

In 2011, 42 percent of recovered paper was exported to overseas markets. About 53 percent stayed in the US to be recycled into paper and paperboard products. The remaining 5% was used to make other non-paper products. ( 2 )

In the United States, they come from three primary sources:

  • Recycled paper: 33 percent
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The prevalence of available recycling program varies across the country.

No, every time paper is recycled, the fibers get shorter. After being recycled five to seven times, the fibers become too short to bond into new paper. New fibers are added to replace the unusable fiber that wash out of the pulp during the recycling process. A single sheet of paper may contain new fibers as well as fibers that have already been recycled several times. ( 3 )

What products can be made from recycled paper ?

Besides easily recognizable paper products (e.g, writing paper or paper towels), more than 5,000 products can be made from recycled paper, including:

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Are staples, sticky notes, and paper clips okay to recycle okay to recycle.

Paper mills that process recovered paper are set up to remove common contaminants such as staples and paper clips from the pulped paper. Therefore, it is not necessary to remove such items before recycling the paper, although paper clips and binder clips can be removed and reused.

If your recycling program accepts mixed paper, sticky notes are usually recyclable — but not always. Any mill that is able to process mixed paper can remove the adhesives found on sticky notes.

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What is Presidents Day and how is it celebrated? What to know about the federal holiday

Many will have a day off on monday in honor of presidents day. consumers may take advantage of retail sales that proliferate on the federal holiday, but here's what to know about the history of it..

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Presidents Day is fast approaching, which may signal to many a relaxing three-day weekend and plenty of holiday sales and bargains .

But next to Independence Day, there may not exist another American holiday that is quite so patriotic.

While Presidents Day has come to be a commemoration of all the nation's 46 chief executives, both past and present, it wasn't always so broad . When it first came into existence – long before it was even federally recognized – the holiday was meant to celebrate just one man: George Washington.

How has the day grown from a simple celebration of the birthday of the first president of the United States? And why are we seeing all these ads for car and furniture sales on TV?

Here's what to know about Presidents Day and how it came to be:

When is Presidents Day 2024?

This year, Presidents Day is on Monday, Feb. 19.

The holiday is celebrated on the third Monday of every February because of a bill signed into law in 1968 by President Lyndon B. Johnson. Taking effect three years later, the Uniform Holiday Bill mandated that three holidays – Memorial Day, Presidents Day and Veterans Day – occur on Mondays to prevent midweek shutdowns and add long weekends to the federal calendar, according to Britannica .

Other holidays, including Labor Day and Martin Luther King Jr. Day , were also established to be celebrated on Mondays when they were first observed.

However, Veterans Day was returned to Nov. 11 in 1978 and continues to be commemorated on that day.

What does Presidents Day commemorate?

Presidents Day was initially established in 1879 to celebrate the birthday of the nation's first president, George Washington. In fact, the holiday was simply called Washington's Birthday, which is still how the federal government refers to it, the Department of State explains .

Following the death of the venerated American Revolution leader in 1799, Feb. 22, widely believed to be Washington's date of birth , became a perennial day of remembrance, according to History.com .

The day remained an unofficial observance for much of the 1800s until Sen. Stephen Wallace Dorsey of Arkansas proposed that it become a federal holiday. In 1879, President Rutherford B. Hayes signed it into law, according to History.com.

While initially being recognized only in Washington D.C., Washington's Birthday became a nationwide holiday in 1885. The first to celebrate the life of an individual American, Washington's Birthday was at the time one of only five federally-recognized holidays – the others being Christmas, New Year's, Thanksgiving and the Fourth of July.

However, most Americans today likely don't view the federal holiday as a commemoration of just one specific president. Presidents Day has since come to represent a day to recognize and celebrate all of the United States' commanders-in-chief, according to the U.S. Department of State .

When the Uniform Holiday Bill took effect in 1971, a provision was included to combine the celebration of Washington’s birthday with Abraham Lincoln's on Feb. 12, according to History.com. Because the new annual date always fell between Washington's and Lincoln's birthdays, Americans believed the day was intended to honor both presidents.

Interestingly, advertisers may have played a part in the shift to "Presidents Day."

Many businesses jumped at the opportunity to use the three-day weekend as a means to draw customers with Presidents Day sales and bargain at stores across the country, according to History.com.

How is the holiday celebrated?

Because Presidents Day is a federal holiday , most federal workers will have the day off .

Part of the reason Johnson made the day a uniform holiday was so Americans had a long weekend "to travel farther and see more of this beautiful land of ours," he wrote. As such, places like the Washington Monument in D.C. and Mount Rushmore in South Dakota – which bears the likenesses of Presidents Washington, Lincoln, Thomas Jefferson and Theodore Roosevelt – are bound to attract plenty of tourists.

Similar to Independence Day, the holiday is also viewed as a patriotic celebration . As opposed to July, February might not be the best time for backyard barbecues and fireworks, but reenactments, parades and other ceremonies are sure to take place in cities across the U.S.

Presidential places abound across the U.S.

Opinions on current and recent presidents may leave Americans divided, but we apparently love our leaders of old enough to name a lot of places after them.

In 2023, the U.S. Census Bureau pulled information from its databases showcasing presidential geographic facts about the nation's cities and states.

Perhaps unsurprisingly, the census data shows that as of 2020 , the U.S. is home to plenty of cities, counties and towns bearing presidential names. Specifically:

  • 94 places are named "Washington."
  • 72 places are named "Lincoln."
  • 67 places are named for Andrew Jackson, a controversial figure who owned slaves and forced thousands of Native Americans to march along the infamous Trail of Tears.

Contributing: Clare Mulroy

Eric Lagatta covers breaking and trending news for USA TODAY. Reach him at [email protected]

Trump opts against Supreme Court appeal on civil immunity claim over Jan. 6 lawsuits

Then-President Donald Trump

WASHINGTON — Lawsuits seeking to hold Donald Trump personally accountable for his role in the Jan. 6 attack on the Capitol can move forward after the former president chose not to take his broad immunity claim to the Supreme Court.

Trump had a Thursday deadline to file a petition at the Supreme Court contesting an appeals court decision from December that rejected his immunity arguments, but he did not do so.

The appeals court made it clear that Trump could still claim immunity later in the proceedings in three cases brought by Capitol Police officers and members of Congress.

"President Trump will continue to fight for presidential immunity all across the spectrum," said Steven Cheung, a Trump spokesman.

The civil lawsuits against Trump are separate from the criminal case against him that also arose from Jan. 6. On Monday, Trump asked the justices to put that case on hold on immunity grounds.

Trump's lawyers argued that any actions he took on Jan. 6 fall under the scope of his responsibilities as president, thereby granting him immunity from civil liability. The U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia rejected that argument, ruling that Trump was acting in his role as a political candidate running for office, not as president.

But the court added that when the cases move forward in district court, Trump "must be afforded the opportunity to develop his own facts on the immunity question" in order to show he was acting in his official capacity. He then could again seek to have the lawsuits dismissed, the court said.

“We look forward to moving on with proving our claims and getting justice for our Capitol Police officer clients who were injured defending our democracy from Defendant Trump,” said Kristy Parker, a lawyer for plaintiffs in one of the cases.

The lead plaintiff in the civil immunity case is James Blassingame, a Capitol Police officer who was injured in the Jan. 6 riot. Fellow plaintiffs in several lawsuits that were consolidated on appeal include lawmakers who were at the Capitol that day.

The legal arguments being made by Trump are similar to those he is making in his criminal case as he seeks to prevent a trial from taking place before the November election.

In rejecting Trump's immunity claim in the criminal case, a different panel of judges in the same appeals court did not directly address whether Trump's actions were official acts. The court instead assumed that they likely were official acts and found that, even then, Trump could not claim immunity.

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Lawrence Hurley covers the Supreme Court for NBC News.

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Trump’s Harsh Punishment Was Made Possible by This New York Law

The little-known measure meant hundreds of millions in penalties in the civil fraud case brought by Attorney General Letitia James.

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Letitia James sits in court behind Donald Trump, who is blurred and out of focus.

By Ben Protess and Jonah E. Bromwich

The $355 million penalty that a New York judge ordered Donald J. Trump to pay in his civil fraud trial might seem steep in a case with no victim calling for redress and no star witness pointing the finger at Mr. Trump. But a little-known 70-year-old state law made the punishment possible.

The law, often referred to by its shorthand, 63(12), which stems from its place in New York’s rule book, is a regulatory bazooka for the state’s attorney general, Letitia James. Her office has used it to aim at a wide range of corporate giants: the oil company Exxon Mobil, the tobacco brand Juul and the pharma executive Martin Shkreli.

On Friday, the law enabled Ms. James to win an enormous victory against Mr. Trump. Along with the financial penalty , the judge barred Mr. Trump from running a business in New York for three years. His adult sons were barred for two years.

The judge also ordered a monitor, Barbara Jones, to assume more power over Mr. Trump’s company, and asked her to appoint an independent executive to report to her from within the company.

A lawyer for Mr. Trump, Christopher M. Kise, reacted with fury, saying “the sobering future consequences of this tyrannical abuse of power do not just impact President Trump.”

“When a court willingly allows a reckless government official to meddle in the lawful, private and profitable affairs of any citizen based on political bias, America’s economic prosperity and way of life are at extreme risk of extinction,” he said.

In the Trump case, Ms. James accused the former president of inflating his net worth to obtain favorable loans and other financial benefits. Mr. Trump, she argued, defrauded his lenders and in doing so, undermined the integrity of New York’s business world.

Mr. Trump’s conduct “distorts the market,” Kevin Wallace, a lawyer for Ms. James’s office, said during closing arguments in the civil fraud trial.

“It prices out honest borrowers and can lead to more catastrophic results,” Mr. Wallace said, adding, “That’s why it’s important for the court to take the steps to protect the marketplace to prevent this from happening again.”

Yet the victims — the bankers who lent to Mr. Trump — testified that they were thrilled to have him as a client. And while a parade of witnesses echoed Ms. James’s claim that the former president’s annual financial statements were works of fiction, none offered evidence showing that Mr. Trump explicitly intended to fool the banks.

That might seem unusual, but under 63(12), such evidence was not necessary to find fraud.

The law did not require the attorney general to show that Mr. Trump had intended to defraud anyone or that his actions resulted in financial loss.

“This law packs a wallop,” said Steven M. Cohen, a former federal prosecutor and top official in the attorney general’s office, noting that it did not require the attorney general to show that anyone had been harmed.

With that low bar, Justice Arthur F. Engoron, the judge presiding over the case, sided with Ms. James on her core claim before the trial began, finding that Mr. Trump had engaged in a pattern of fraud by exaggerating the value of his assets in statements filed to his lenders.

Ms. James’s burden of proof at the trial was higher: To persuade the judge that Mr. Trump had violated other state laws, she had to convince him that the former president acted with intent. And some of the evidence helped her cause: Two of Mr. Trump’s former employees testified that he had final sign-off on the financial statements, and Mr. Trump admitted on the witness stand that he had a role in drafting them.

Still, her ability to extract further punishments based on those other violations is also a product of 63(12), which grants the attorney general the right to pursue those who engage in “repeated fraudulent or illegal acts.”

In other fraud cases, authorities must persuade a judge or jury that someone was in fact defrauded. But 63(12) required Ms. James only to show that conduct was deceptive or created “an atmosphere conducive to fraud.” Past cases suggest that the word “fraud” itself is effectively a synonym for dishonest conduct, the attorney general argued in her lawsuit.

Once the attorney general has convinced a judge or jury that a defendant has acted deceptively, the punishment can be severe. The law allows Ms. James to seek the forfeit of money obtained through fraud.

Of the roughly $355 million that Mr. Trump was ordered to pay, $168 million represents the sum that Mr. Trump saved on loans by inflating his worth, she argued. In other words, the extra interest the lenders missed.

The penalty was in the judge’s hands — there was no jury — and 63(12) gave him wide discretion.

The law also empowered Justice Engoron to set new restrictions on Mr. Trump and his family business, all of which Mr. Trump is expected to appeal.

The judge also ordered a monitor to assume more power over Mr. Trump’s company, who will appoint an independent executive who will report to the monitor from within the company.

Even before she filed her lawsuit against the Trumps in 2022, Ms. James used 63(12) as a cudgel to aid her investigation.

The law grants the attorney general’s office something akin to prosecutorial investigative power. In most civil cases, a person or entity planning to sue cannot collect documents or conduct interviews until after the lawsuit is filed. But 63(12) allows the attorney general to do a substantive investigation before deciding whether to sue, settle or abandon a case. In the case against Mr. Trump, the investigation proceeded for nearly three years before a lawsuit was filed.

The case is not Mr. Trump’s first brush with 63(12). Ms. James’s predecessors used it in actions against Trump University, his for-profit education venture, which paid millions of dollars to resolve the case.

The law became so important to Ms. James’s civil fraud case that it caught the attention of Mr. Trump, who lamented the sweeping authority it afforded the attorney general and falsely claimed that her office rarely used it.

He wrote on social media last year that 63(12) was “VERY UNFAIR.”

William K. Rashbaum contributed reporting.

Ben Protess is an investigative reporter at The Times, writing about public corruption. He has been covering the various criminal investigations into former President Trump and his allies. More about Ben Protess

Jonah E. Bromwich covers criminal justice in New York, with a focus on the Manhattan district attorney's office, state criminal courts in Manhattan and New York City's jails. More about Jonah E. Bromwich

Two more candidates file papers to run for U.S. Senate in Pennsylvania

Two more candidates are filing paperwork to appear on Pennsylvania’s primary ballots for U.S. Senate as Democratic Sen. Bob Casey seeks a fourth term

HARRISBURG, Pa. -- Two more candidates filed paperwork Thursday to appear on Pennsylvania's primary ballots for U.S. Senate as Democratic Sen. Bob Casey runs for a fourth term and Democrats try to maintain a majority in the narrowly divided chamber.

Brandi Tomasetti, a Republican from Lancaster County, and William Parker, a Democrat from Allegheny County, both filed paperwork before a court-ordered deadline.

Both Parker and Tomasetti had gone to court to challenge the state election office's rejection of the paperwork they had filed by the Feb. 13 deadline set in state law. In court, the state dropped its objections.

In addition to Casey, previously filed candidates are David McCormick, the ex-hedge fund CEO who is endorsed by the state Republican Party and narrowly lost the 2022 GOP primary to Dr. Mehmet Oz, and perennial candidate Joe Vodvarka, a retired spring manufacturer from the Pittsburgh area who is making his fifth bid for U.S. Senate and second as a Republican.

The primary election is April 23.

Parker, who developed a mobile vending app, has lost primary races for Allegheny County executive and U.S. Congress in the last two years.

Tomasetti, a former municipal government employee, is a first-time candidate.

Vodvarka's petitions are being challenged in court, with a hearing scheduled for March 5.

The Senate candidates in Pennsylvania will share a ticket with candidates for president next year in a state that is critical to whether Democrats can maintain control of the White House and the Senate.

Casey is a stalwart of Pennsylvania’s Democratic Party — the son of a former two-term governor and Pennsylvania’s longest-ever serving Democrat in the Senate.

McCormick, 58, was heavily recruited to run again by the party establishment and has deep pockets, high-level connections in business and support from big Republican donors.

A race between Casey and McCormick could be one of the nation’s most expensive and closely watched in a year when Democrats have a difficult 2024 Senate map that requires them to defend incumbents in red states and multiple swing states.

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CBSE Boards 2024: Check Important Questions From Previous Year Geography Paper

Cbse geography question paper 2022-23 is available on the official website of the board..

CBSE Boards 2024: Check Important Questions From Previous Year Geography Paper

CBSE class 12th Geography Question Paper 2023.

The Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) will conduct the Geography exam for the students of class 12 on February 29, 2024. Students who will be appearing in the exam can check the official website of the CBSE for previous year's question papers. The following questions were asked for 5 marks in the Geography board exam 2023. 

Important questions from previous year

  • Why is Phase III (1951-1981) of growth of population referred to as the period of population explosion in India ? Explain by giving any three arguments. 
  • Describe the objectives of National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA) in the development of Indian agriculture.
  • Mention the main characteristics of the mineral belt of 'South-Western Plateau Region' of India. 
  • Mention the main characteristics of mineral belt of 'North-Western Region' of India.
  • Analyse five main factors affecting location of industries in the world.
  • Analyse the classification of industries on the basis of raw materials into five heads. 
  • Pipelines are used extensively to transport liquids and gases in the world. Support the statement with appropriate arguments.
  • Define the term 'international trade'. Describe two types of 'international trade' in the world. 
  • 'Attaining sustainable development in the Indira Gandhi Canal (Nahar) Command Area requires major thrust upon the measures to achieve ecological sustainability." Evaluate the statement. 
  • "India has one of the second largest road networks in the world." Support the statement.
  • "Indian Railways network is one of the longest in the world." Support the statement. 

On the given political outline map of the World, seven geographical features have been marked as A, B, C, D, E, F and G.  Identify any five with the help of the following information and write their correct names on the lines drawn near them-

  • The largest country in Africa
  • An area of extensive commercial grain farming
  • A major seaport
  • A shipping canal
  • An international airport
  • The westernmost station of the Australian Trans-Continental Railway
  • The largest country in South America

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  3. A Level Past Papers & Questions by Topic

    Exam paper questions organised by topic and difficulty. Our worksheets cover all topics from GCSE, IGCSE and A Level courses. Give them a try and see how you do! ... A Levels finish in June of your final year in high school / secondary school; this is normally at age 17 or 18.

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    Then, with paper easier to make, paper was used for printing important books, bibles, and legal documents. England began making large supplies of paper in the late 15th century and supplied the colonies with paper for many years. Finally, in 1690, the first U.S. paper mill was built in Pennsylvania.

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    When to Include the Year. In APA, writers include the date with any parenthetical reference to a source. Additionally, they should include the date after the first reference in a paragraph when the author is referred to as part of the sentence. Then, writers repeat the date again if referred to in parentheses; however, writers do not need to ...

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  25. Trump's Harsh Punishment Was Made Possible by This New York Law

    He wrote on social media last year that 63(12) was "VERY UNFAIR." William K. Rashbaum contributed reporting. Ben Protess is an investigative reporter at The Times, writing about public corruption.

  26. Two more candidates file papers to run for U.S. Senate in Pennsylvania

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